Floyd Mann

Floyd Mann (August 20, 1920 - January 12, 1996) was born in Daviston, Tallapoosa County, Alabama, and served as Director of the Alabama Department of Public Safety between 1959 and 1963. He is particularly notable for his interactions with the Freedom Riders who passed through Alabama in May 1961.

Personal History

After schooling in Davidson and Alexander City, Alabama, Mann joined the United States Army Air Corps, serving as a tail gunner on a B-17, where he flew 27 combat missions including the first daylight raid on Berlin. He received numerous awards including the Distinguished Flying Cross. He married Grace Doss of Fort Worth, Texas, on November 25, 1944.

After his military service he served as a security officer at Republic Steel in Gadsden. Afterwards he served as a police officer in Alexander City, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant.[1]

From 1950 until 1958, he served as the chief of police of Opelika, where he assisted with the cleanup of gambling and corruption that had spilled over from Phenix City. During this time he developed a close relationship with John Patterson who later became attorney general and governor. From 1959 until 1963, he served as director of the Alabama Department of Public Safety, appointed by Governor John Patterson.[1]

Freedom Riders

Mann was the Director of Public Safety for the State of Alabama in 1961, when the nonviolent Freedom Riders came into the state seeking an end to segregation. The state's governor at that time, John Patterson, was resisting U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy's demands that the Freedom Riders be protected from the Ku Klux Klan and others who were attacking them at their Alabama stops. Patterson was a committed segregationist who called the Freedom Riders "fools" and "agitators" for whom he did not want to "play nursemaid".

Mann offered to protect the riders if he was given the proper resources. With the understanding that the state and city police of Alabama would offer assistance.

Kennedy sent a representative to talk to Patterson, who had his entire cabinet attend the meeting. Patterson based his repeated refusal to protect the nonviolent demonstrators from the Klan on his argument that such protection was impossible to provide, and well beyond the capabilities of local or state law enforcement.

Violence in Alabama was organized by Birmingham Police Sergeant Tom Cook (an avid Ku Klux Klan supporter) and police commissioner Bull Connor. The pair made plans to bring the Ride to an end in Alabama. When the bus arrived in Birmingham, it was attacked by a mob of Ku Klux Klan members, assisted by the police under the orders of Commissioner Bull Connor. As the riders exited the bus, they were beaten by the mob with baseball bats, iron pipes and bicycle chains. Among the Klansmen attacking the riders was FBI informant Gary Thomas Rowe. White Freedom Riders were particularly singled out for beating; James Peck required more than 50 stitches to the wounds in his head. Peck was taken to Carraway Methodist Medical Center, which refused to treat him; he was later treated at Jefferson Hillman Hospital.[2]

Connor claimed that he posted no officers at the bus depot because of the holiday; however, it was later discovered that the FBI knew of the planned attack and that the city police stayed away on purpose. Patterson offered no apologies, explaining, "When you go somewhere looking for trouble, you usually find it...You just can't guarantee the safety of a fool and that's what these folks are, just fools."[3] When asked about Connor, Mann said "He was in charge, Bull Connor was in charge of the police department in Birmingham at that point in time. He was police commissioner." "his comment was that it was just absolutely ridiculous for those people to be in Alabama doing what they were doing."[4]

Mann arrived on the loading dock a few minutes into the riot. He had been suspicious of Sullivan's assurances, but had no authority within the city limits. As a result, Mann had stationed highway patrolman a few blocks away, but amidst the chaos inside the station, he had to act on his own. A young black man, William Barbee, was knocked to the pavement, then struck repeatedly with a heavy club; the mob was shouting, ‘Kill him! Kill him!’ It might have happened but for the intervention of Floyd Mann, who drew his pistol and ordered the attackers back, threatening to shoot if they did not.[5] Firing warning shots, he came to the rescue of the Freedom Riders being beaten on the loading platform. He managed to back off some of the attackers. [6] Mann also saved the life of Jim Zwerg. Zwerg had been beaten badly by the rioters. Two Freedom Riders and a reporter carried Zwerg, who appeared to be dying, to a taxicab. The white driver refused to drive Zwerg to the hospital. A deputy sheriff arrived - to read the injunction to Zwerg and the two other Freedom Riders. An African-American taxi driver agreed to take them to a doctor, but the police would not allow Zwerg to go. He would have to wait until a white ambulance arrived. Since Sullivan, as he later explained, had arranged for all the white ambulances to be in the repair shop on this date, the ambulance would never arrive. Mann had to intervene, directing one of his patrolmen to drive Zwerg to a hospital. Zwerg would be hospitalized, but survived his injuries.[6]

Sullivan's police arrived 10 minutes into the riot, but initially took no action to halt the beatings. Hearing that Mann was on the loading platform, Sullivan rushed to the scene. As Sullivan tried to assert his authority over Mann, Judge Walter B. Jones and State Attorney General MacDonald Gallion arrived to take charge. Their primary concern was not to stop the riot or arrest Klansmen, but to read Judge Jones' injunction[7] to the nearly unconscious Freedom Riders. At that point, Mann called for his state troopers whom he had stationed several blocks away. Their arrival restored order to the terminal.'"[6]

Later life

Following Patterson's administration in 1963, Mann was interviewed and considered for the position of police chief of Trenton, New Jersey, and Kansas City, Missouri. He chose to return to a company near his home, where he was employed by West Point Pepperell in Lanett, Alabama, as director of security. Later he was employed by the University of Alabama, where he served as special assistant for security. When University of Alabama president Dr. David Matthews was appointed as Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, Mann went to Washington as his assistant. At the end of the Ford administration, he returned to the University of Alabama as vice president of external affairs. Mann retired from the university in 1982. Mann returned to state service again in 1982, when he served one and a half years in the Fob James administration as chief administrator of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Board. Among his many awards and honors, Mann was named United Press International's man of the year in Alabama for 1961. Mann originated the Alabama Highway Patrol cadet program in 1959, which allowed young recruits age 18 to 22 to train for a future career as an Alabama highway patrol officer. In 1947, he attended the FBI's National Academy, a six-month intensive police training program in Virginia, and later served as the president of the Alabama chapter of the FBI National Academy Graduates. In 1988, Mann was one of the first inductees in the Alabama Peace Officers Hall of Fame. At his initiation, his superiors remarked that "Floyd Mann knew what was going on." Upon his untimely death, he was the executive director of the state Fraternal Order of Police, where he had served since 1988.[8]

References
  1. "Alabama Department of Public Safety". Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  2. Cozzens, Liza. "Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965: Freedom Rides". Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  3. "Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965: Freedom Rides". Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  4. "Interview with Colonel Floyd Mann". Retrieved 2011-04-10.
  5. https://www.amazon.com/When-Heaven-Earth-Collide-Evangelicals/dp/1603063501 p. 19
  6. Weingroff, Richard. "The Road to Civil Rights". Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  7. "Judge Issues Writ; Alabama Judge Bars Attempts At 'Freedom Rides' in the State". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2018. MONTGOMERY, Ala., May 19 — Circuit Judge Walter B. Jones issued an injunction today forbidding "freedom riders" from testing bus segregation in Alabama.
  8. "Alabama Department of Public Safety". Retrieved 2011-04-10.
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