Fixed-point lemma for normal functions

The fixed-point lemma for normal functions is a basic result in axiomatic set theory stating that any normal function has arbitrarily large fixed points (Levy 1979: p. 117). It was first proved by Oswald Veblen in 1908.

Background and formal statement

A normal function is a class function from the class Ord of ordinal numbers to itself such that:

  • is strictly increasing: whenever .
  • is continuous: for every limit ordinal (i.e. is neither zero nor a successor), .

It can be shown that if is normal then commutes with suprema; for any nonempty set of ordinals,

.

Indeed, if is a successor ordinal then is an element of and the equality follows from the increasing property of . If is a limit ordinal then the equality follows from the continuous property of .

A fixed point of a normal function is an ordinal such that .

The fixed point lemma states that the class of fixed points of any normal function is nonempty and in fact is unbounded: given any ordinal , there exists an ordinal such that and .

The continuity of the normal function implies the class of fixed points is closed (the supremum of any subset of the class of fixed points is again a fixed point). Thus the fixed point lemma is equivalent to the statement that the fixed points of a normal function form a closed and unbounded class.

Proof

The first step of the proof is to verify that f(γ) ≥ γ for all ordinals γ and that f commutes with suprema. Given these results, inductively define an increasing sequence <αn> (n < ω) by setting α0 = α, and αn+1 = fn) for n ∈ ω. Let β = sup {αn : n ∈ ω}, so β ≥ α. Moreover, because f commutes with suprema,

f(β) = f(sup {αn : n < ω})
       = sup {fn) : n < ω}
       = sup {αn+1 : n < ω}
       = β.

The last equality follows from the fact that the sequence <αn> increases.

As an aside, it can be demonstrated that the β found in this way is the smallest fixed point greater than or equal to α.

Example application

The function f : Ord → Ord, f(α) = ωα is normal (see initial ordinal). Thus, there exists an ordinal θ such that θ = ωθ. In fact, the lemma shows that there is a closed, unbounded class of such θ.

References

  • Levy, A. (1979). Basic Set Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-08417-6. Republished, Dover, 2002.
  • Veblen, O. (1908). "Continuous increasing functions of finite and transfinite ordinals". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 9 (3): 280–292. doi:10.2307/1988605. ISSN 0002-9947. JSTOR 1988605. Available via JSTOR.
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