Empress Xiaoyiren

Empress Xiaoyiren (died 24 August 1689), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Tunggiya clan, was a consort of the Kangxi Emperor.

"Empress Xiaoyi" redirects here. For the Liu Song empress dowager, see Xiao Wenshou.
Empress Xiaoyiren
Empress consort of Qing
Tenure23 August 1689 – 24 August 1689
PredecessorEmpress Xiaozhaoren
SuccessorEmpress Xiaojingxian
Died(1689-08-24)24 August 1689
(康熙二十八年 七月 十日)
Chengqian Palace, Forbidden City
Burial
Jing Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombs
Spouse
(
m. before 1689)
IssueEighth daughter
Posthumous name
Empress Xiaoyi Wencheng Duanren Xianmu Heke Cihui Fengtian Zuosheng Ren
(孝懿溫誠端仁憲穆和恪慈惠奉天佐聖仁皇后
孝懿温诚端仁宪穆和恪慈惠奉天佐圣仁皇后)
HouseTong, later Tunggiya (佟佳; by birth)
Aisin Gioro (by marriage)
Empress Xiaoyiren
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese孝懿仁皇后
Simplified Chinese孝懿仁皇后
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡶᡠᠵᡠᡵᡠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡤᠣᠰᡳᠨ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ
Romanizationhiyoošungga fujurungga gosin hūwangheo

Life

Family background

Empress Xiaoyiren's personal name was not recorded in history. Her family originally belonged to the Han Chinese Plain Blue Banner.

  • Father: Guowei (國維/国维; d. 1719), served as a leader of imperial guards (領侍衛內大臣/领侍卫内大臣), and held the title of a first class duke (一等公)
    • Paternal grandfather: Tulai (圖賴/图赖; 1606–1658), served as a first rank military official (都統/都统), and held the title of a first class duke (一等公)
    • Paternal grandmother: Lady Gioro
    • Paternal aunt: Empress Xiaokangzhang (1638–1663), the mother of the Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722)
  • Mother: Lady Hešeri
  • Six brothers
    • First younger brother: Yekeshu (叶克书), father of Shun'anyan
    • Second younger brother: Dekesi (德克新), served as third class imperial guard
    • Third younger brother: Longkodo (d. 1728)
    • Fourth younger brother: Hongshan (洪善)
    • Fifth yonger brother: Qingyuan (庆元)
    • Sixth younger brother: Qingfu (庆復; d. 1747), served as first rank military official (都統/都统, pinyin: dutong) from 1727-1733, Viceroy of Liangjiang, Viceroy of Yunnan, Viceroy of Liangguang in 1741, a Grand Secretary of Wenhua hall (文华殿大学士)
  • Younger sister: Imperial Noble Consort Quehui (1668–1743)

Kangxi era

It is not known when Lady Tong entered the Forbidden City and became a mistress of the Kangxi Emperor. She was first mentioned in official histories on 18 September 1677 when the Kangxi Emperor granted ranks and titles to his consorts. She was granted the title "Noble Consort". As she was the only one among the emperor's consorts to hold that rank, she did not receive a title to distinguish her from the other consorts.

On 18 March 1678, the Kangxi Emperor's second empress consort, Empress Xiaozhaoren, died so there was no one to take charge of the emperor's harem. Lady Tong was put in charge and became the de facto Empress. On 13 December 1678, another mistress of the Kangxi Emperor gave birth to a son, Yinzhen. Traditionally, the Empress was tasked with overseeing the upbringing of all the Emperor's children, regardless of whether or not she was their birth mother. Since Lady Tong was the most senior among all the Kangxi Emperor's consorts at the time, she was tasked with raising Yinzhen.

On 28 January 1682, Lady Tong was elevated to "Imperial Noble Consort". On 13 July 1683, she gave birth to the emperor's eighth daughter, who would die prematurely on 6 August 1683.

On 23 August 1689, when Lady Tong was critically ill, the Kangxi Emperor officially instated her as Empress. She died the next day and was interred in the Jing Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs. She was granted the posthumous title "Empress Xiaoyiren".

Titles
  • During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661) or the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722):
    • Lady Tong
  • During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722):
    • Noble Consort (貴妃; from 18 September 1677[1]), third rank consort
    • Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; from 28 January 1682[2]), second rank consort
    • Empress (皇后; from 23 August 1689[3])
    • Empress Xiaoyi (孝懿皇后; from 3 November 1689[4])
  • During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):
    • Empress Xiaoyiren (孝懿仁皇后; from July 1723[5])

Issue
  • As Imperial Noble Consort:
    • The Kangxi Emperor's eighth daughter (13 July 1683 – 6 August 1683)
    • Miscarriage (August 1689)

See also

Notes
  1. 康熙十六年 八月 二十二日
  2. 康熙二十年 十二月 二十日
  3. 康熙二十八年 七月 九日
  4. 康熙二十八年 九月 二十二日
  5. 雍正元年 六月

References
  • Spence, Jonathan D. (2012). Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-Hsi (Unabridged ed.). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 0307823067.
  • Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645.
  • Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).
Chinese royalty
Preceded by
Empress Xiaozhaoren		 Empress of China
23 August 1689 – 24 August 1689		 Succeeded by
Empress Xiaogongren
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