Emma Tenayuca

Emma Tenayuca (December 21, 1916 – July 23, 1999), also known as Emma Beatrice Tenayuca, was an American labor leader, union organizer and educator. She is best known for her work organizing Mexican workers in Texas during the 1930s, particularly for leading the 1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike.

Emma Tenayuca
BornDecember 21, 1916
San Antonio, Texas
DiedJuly 23, 1999(1999-07-23) (aged 82)
San Antonio, Texas
OccupationEducator, labor organizer

Early life

Tenayuca grew up in a family of eleven, but began living with her grandparents at an early age in order to ease the burden on her family.[1] She was born into a Mexican Comanche family, and their lineage in South Texas predated both Mexican independence and the Mexico-U.S. War.[2] The Tenayuca family were hit hard by the Depression, and all around her, Emma began to see the suffering of low class workers.[3]

Political involvement
Was I in a state of panic or fear? No. I was pretty defiant.
[I fought] against poverty... high infant death rates, disease
and hunger and misery. I would do the same thing again.

Emma Tenayuca[4]

She became interested in activism and was a labor activist before graduating from Brackenridge High School in San Antonio. Tenayuca’s first arrest came at the age of 16, in 1933, when she joined a picket line of workers in strike against the Finck Cigar Company.[5] After high school, Tenayuca obtained a position as an elevator operator, but she continued working for human rights.

Labor union activism

She founded two international ladies' garment workers unions, and was involved in both the Worker’s Alliance of America and Woman’s League for Peace and Freedom. She organized a protest over the beating of Mexican migrants by United States Border Patrol agents.[6] In her early adulthood she was arrested for a second and third time: once on a charge of “disturbing the peace” during a nonviolent protest, and again for her leadership role in a labor strike in 1938.

I was arrested a number of times.
I don't think that I felt exactly fearful.
I never thought in terms of fear.
I thought in terms of justice.[7]

Emma Tenayuca

Organizing large scale strikes against the injustices in the labor sphere was also one of Tenayuca’s vocations. Tenayuca was instrumental in one of the most famous conflicts of Texas labor history–the 1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike at the Southern Pecan Shelling Company.[8][9] During the strike, thousands of workers at over 130 plants protested a wage reduction of one cent per pound of shelled pecans. Mexicana and Chicana workers who picketed were gassed, arrested, and jailed. The strike ended after thirty-seven days when the city's pecan operators agreed to arbitration. In October that year, the National Labor Relations Act raised wages to twenty-five cents an hour.

Another source of Tenayuca's first-hand knowledge of the struggles of working people came from visits as a young child to the Plaza del Zacate, which means a grass plaza, a public square where socialists and anarchists would come to speak and work with families with grievances. Because it advocated her passion for minority rights, Tenayuca joined the Communist Party in 1936.[10] Then, less than a year later, she was scheduled to speak at a small Communist Party meeting at the Municipal Auditorium permitted by San Antonio Mayor Maury Maverick. A crowd of 5,000 attacked the auditorium with bricks and rocks, "huntin' Communists." Police helped Tenayuca escape from the mob, but she was blacklisted and forced to move out of San Antonio.[11]

Education and personal life

In 1938 she married organizer Homer Bartchy who used the alias "Homer Brooks."[12] Eventually, Tenayuca went on to pursue a college degree. She divorced Brooks in 1941 and left her hometown in order to attend San Francisco State College where she majored in Education. She later earned a master’s in education from Our Lady of the Lake University in San Antonio. From there Emma went on to teach in Harlandale School District until her retirement in 1982. Shortly after retirement Emma Tenayuca developed Alzheimer's disease and died on July 23, 1999.

Photograph shows the couple, Emma and Homer Brooks standing together in the Tenayuca family home.

Legacy

Tenayuca continued to inspire activists until and beyond her death. The admiration felt for her can be seen in That’s Not Fair! Emma Tenayuca’s Struggle for Justice, a bilingual children’s book that tells the story of her contributions to the pecan sheller strike,[13] as well as in the play-dramas written to honor her dedication and contributions. A full biography of Tenayuca's life is in the process of being written by her niece scheduled for publication in 2021.[14][15] The South Texas Civil Rights Project has dedicated an annual award, The Emma Tenayuca Award, given to individuals working to protect civil rights.[16]

Plaque to honor Emma Tenayuca

See also

References
  1. Ayala, Elaine (August 22, 2008). "Emma Tenayuca gets her due". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on 2012-01-01.
  2. Camacho, Alicia Schmidt (2008). Migrant Imaginaries: Latino Cultural Politics in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands. New York and London: New York University Press. pp. 51. ISBN 9780814716489.
  3. Robinson, Chuck (March 17, 2008). "The Seeds of Struggle — ACLU Texas, Pecan Shellers Celebrate 70th Anniversary". The Lone Star Iconoclast.
  4. Vargas, Zaragosa (2005). Labor Rights are Civil Rights: Mexican American Workers in Twentieth-Century America. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780691134024.
  5. "La Pasionaria de Texas". La Voz de Aztlan. March 13, 2000. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04.
  6. "The Hispanic Experience: Emma Tenayuca". Houston Institute for Culture. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  7. Jiménez, Carlos M. (1994). The Mexican American heritage. Berkeley, Calif.: TQS Publications. p. 137. ISBN 9780892290291.
  8. "Emma Tenayuca Biography". Americans Who Tell the Truth. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  9. Croxdale, Richard (15 June 2010). "PECAN-SHELLERS' STRIKE". Texas Handbook Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
  10. "Tenayuca, Emma". American National Biography Online. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  11. "Emma Tenayuca". SalsaNet. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  12. Carleton, Don (1985). Red Scare: Right-Wing Hysteria Fifties Fanaticism and Their Legacy in Texas. Austin, Texas: Texas Monthly Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-932012-90-6.
  13. "That's Not Fair! Emma Tenayuca's struggle for justice/¡No Es Justo!: La lucha de Emma Tenayuca por la justicia". The Zinn Education Project. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  14. Tafolla, Carmen. Letter. 2019. 'Undergrad Student Research Paper: Emma Tenayuca'. Email.
  15. Tafolla, Carmen (Winter 2019). "La Pasionaria". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 24 (2/3): 236. JSTOR 3347359.
  16. "STC instructor Jennifer Clark honored by South Texas Civil Rights Project". South Texas College News. May 6, 2009.

Further reading
  • Vargas, Zaragosa (2007-10-28). Labor Rights Are Civil Rights : Mexican American Workers in Twentieth-Century America. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2013. ISBN 0691134022. OCLC 952775499.
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