Dinogunellin

Dinogunellins are unusual toxic phospholipids found in the roe of some fishes, and is one of the best studied ichthyotoxin.[1] These phospholipids could be found as a complex with non-toxic proteins like in the cabezon toxin or in the lipostichaerin.[2][3]

Chemical structure of Dinogunellins A-D. These poisonous toxins from fish roe are unusual phospholipids containing adenosine and 2-aminosuccinamide. Modified from Matsunaga et al, 2009.

Occurrence

Dinogunellins were detected in the mature roe of four fishes: the cabezon or marbled sculpin Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, [2] the blennies Stichaeus grigorjewi [1][3] and Stichaeus nozawae, [4] and the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus. [4]

The presence of dinogunellins has been discarded in the roe of the carp Cyprinus carpio, the sculpin Hemitripterus villosus, the blenny Lumpenus fowleri,[4] and the lamprey Lapetra japonica.[5]

Structure

Dinogunellins are unusual phospholipids having a nucleotide instead of the typical glycerol in their structure. They consist of an adenine nucleotide, with a 2-aminosuccinimide attached to the phosphorus moiety and a fatty acid attached to the oxygen from either the C2' or the C3' of the sugar moiety.[1] The fatty acid chain could be either the eicosapentaenoic acid (Dinogunellin-A and Dinogunellin-B) or the stearidonic acid (Dinogunellin-C and Dinogunellin-D).[1] In consequence, Dinogunellin-A and Dinogunellin-B have the same molecular formula (C34H49N8O9P) and molecular weight (744.8 g/mol), an so do Dinogunellin-C and Dinogunellin-D (C32H47N8O9P; 718.7 g/mol).

Pharmacology

When intraperitoneally administered to mice, dinogunellins have a mean lethal dose (LD50) of 25 mg/kg.[3] Dinogunellins are also orally toxic to mice and guinea pigs and has also deleterious effects on humans.[6] A few hours after ingestion, humans develop abrupt onset diaphoresis, chills, abdominal pain and cramping, with nausea and vomiting followed by voluminous, non-bloody diarrhea.[7]

Analysis made on the cabezon toxin showed that its effects start 12 hours after administration and is characterized by several signs such as diarrhea, hirsute hair, nasal discharge, and death.[8] In addition, cabezon toxin showed cytotoxicity on fibroblast in culture.[8][9] Besides, toxin administration causes an increase in white cell number, but with a decrease in lymphocytes associated with the observation of spleen necrosis. [9]

References
  1. Matsunaga, Shigeki; Takahashi, Nobutaka; Fusetani, Nobuhiro (2009-05-05). "Dinogunellins A-D: Putative ichthyootoxic phospholipids of northern blenny Stichaeus grigorjewi eggs". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 81 (6): 1001–1008. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-08-08-28. ISSN 1365-3075.
  2. Hashimoto, Yoshiro; et al. (1976). "Occurrence of a toxic phospholipid in cabezon roe". Toxicon. 14 (2): 141–143. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(76)90105-7.
  3. Hatano, Mutsuo; Hashimoto, Yoshiro (1974). "Properties of a toxic phospholipid in the northern blenny roe". Toxicon. 12 (3): 231–236. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(74)90063-4.
  4. Kamiya H, Hatano M, and Hashimoto Y. 1997. Screening of Icthyootoxin. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. 43(12):1461-1465.
  5. Shiomi, Kazuo; Miyauchi, Koji; Shimakura, Kuniyoshi; Nagashima, Yuji (1997). "Purification and Properties of a Proteinaceous Toxin Newly Found in the Roe of Lamprey Lampetra japonica". Fisheries science. 63 (1): 142–146. doi:10.2331/fishsci.63.142. ISSN 0919-9268.
  6. Hubbs, and Wick (1951). "Toxicity of the roe of the cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus." Calif Fish Game. 37:195
  7. O'Connell, Charles W.; Clark, Rick; Villano, Janna H.; Gugelmann, Hallam; Dyer, Jo Ellen (August 2014). "Acute human toxicity after the ingestion of cabezon, scorpaenichthys marmoratus , roe". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (7): 820–820. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.933232. ISSN 1556-3650.
  8. Fuhrman, Fuhrman, Dull, and Mosher. (1969). "Toxins from Eggs of Fishes and Amphibia". J Agr Food Chem. 17(3):417-424.
  9. Fuhrman, Fuhrman, and Roseen. (1970). "Toxic effects produced by extracts of eggs of the cabezon Scorpaenichthys marmoratus." Toxicon. 8:55-61.
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