defaults (software)

defaults is a command line utility that manipulates plist files. Introduced in 1998 OpenStep, defaults is found in the system's descendants macOS and GNUstep.[1][2]

The name "defaults" derives from OpenStep's name for user preferences, Defaults, or NSUserDefaults in Foundation Kit. Each application had its own defaults plist ("domain"), under ~/Defaults for the user configuration and /Defaults for the system configuration. The lookup system also supports a NSGlobalDomain.plist, where defaults written there will be seen by all applications.[2][3] In macOS, the Defaults part of the path is replaced by the more intuitive Library/Preferences. defaults accesses the plists based on the domain given.[2]

defaults is also able to read and write any plist specified with a path,[1] although Apple plans to phase out this utility in a future version.[2][4]

Usage

Common uses of defaults:

$ defaults read DOMAIN # gets all
$ defaults read DOMAIN PROPERTY_NAME # gets
$ defaults write DOMAIN PROPERTY_NAME VALUE # sets
$ defaults delete DOMAIN PROPERTY_NAME # resets a property
$ defaults delete DOMAIN # resets preferences

DOMAIN should be replaced by the plist file name sans extension ('.plist'). plist files are named with reverse domain name notation. For example:

$ defaults read com.apple.iTunes # prints all iTunes preference values

plist files store keys and values. The PROPERTY_NAME key is the name of the property to modify. For example, to remove the search field from Safari's address bar:

$ defaults write com.apple.Safari AddressBarIncludesGoogle 0
$ # or
$ defaults write com.apple.Safari AddressBarIncludesGoogle -bool NO # case-sensitive!

Using "1", "YES", or "TRUE" instead restores this to the default of including search.

Preferences can at times corrupt applications. To reset Address Book's preferences, either the file ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.AddressBook.plist must be removed or the following command issued:

$ defaults delete com.apple.AddressBook

Compound values

defaults prints values in the OpenStep format. It allows the VALUE to be arrays and dicts, as long as they conform to old-style plist syntax.[5]

Settings

Some example settings configurable with defaults under macOS:

Globally-available defaults (works in NSGlobalDomain or application settings)
Key	OSX Version	Legal Values	Default Value
AppleAquaColorVariant	10.8	1, 6	1
AppleHighlightColor	10.8	RGB, 3 floats range 0-1.0	"0.780400 0.815700 0.858800"
AppleShowScrollBars[6]	10.8	Automatic, WhenScrolling, Always	Automatic
NSQuitAlwaysKeepsWindows[7]	10.8	bool	false
NSAutomaticWindowAnimationsEnabled[8]	10.8	bool	true
NSNavPanelExpandedStateForSaveMode[9]	10.8	bool	false
NSWindowResizeTime[8]	10.8	float:time in seconds	.2
CGFontDefaultAllowsFontSmoothing[10]	10.14?	boolean

SS64 documents a set of other keys that can be changed for each software (not the global domain) in macOS.[11] Other sites also document settings to be changed using defaults.[12] Apple does not publish a complete list of these "secret knobs", but their support site does occasionally provide defaults commands for user to change a certain setting, such as the creation of .DS_Store.[13]

GNUstep documents its defaults more clearly, so that there is no such thing as a "hidden settings" community like there is for macOS.[3]

gollark: Just download more electrons.

gollark: Are there not different brands of "smart" lights available?

gollark: They probably have a stupid profit margin on them.

gollark: Try the feature on-off menu or whatever it is?

gollark: Maybe you can turn *off* the mail thing?

References

defaults(1) – Linux General Commands Manual
defaults(1) – Darwin and macOS General Commands Manual
"User Defaults Summary for GNUstep Libraries". www.gnustep.org.
"Unofficial macOS defaults man page". ss64.com.
modifying a Plist from command line on Mac using Defaults (add dictionary to array)
grg (26 August 2013). "macos - Enabling Scroll Bars In Mountain Lion?". Ask Different.
"Disable 'Resume' system-wide". defaults-write.com. 26 September 2012.
"10 terminal commands to speed up macOS High Sierra on your Mac". defaults-write.com. 11 November 2017.
Bynens, Mathias. "mathiasbynens/dotfiles: .macos". GitHub. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
"Issue 858861: No subpixel antialiasing under macOS Mojave". bugs.chromium.org.
"System preference settings for macOS - macOS - SS64.com". ss64.com.
"Top 11 Terminal Command Tricks for Mac That You Should Know". Guiding Tech.
"Adjust SMB browsing behavior in macOS High Sierra 10.13 and later". Apple Support. Retrieved 5 January 2020. (type into a search engine to find more: site:support.apple.com "defaults write")

NSUserDefaults documentation Apple Inc

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[gdef-1] defaults(1) – Linux General Commands Manual

[mdef-2] defaults(1) – Darwin and macOS General Commands Manual

[GlobalGNU-3] "User Defaults Summary for GNUstep Libraries". www.gnustep.org.

[4] "Unofficial macOS defaults man page". ss64.com.

[5] ying a Plist from command line on Mac using Defaults (add dictionary to array)

[6] rg (26 August 2013). "macos - Enabling Scroll Bars In Mountain Lion?". Ask Different.

[7] "Disable 'Resume' system-wide". defaults-write.com. 26 September 2012.

[ani-8] "10 terminal commands to speed up macOS High Sierra on your Mac". defaults-write.com. 11 November 2017.

[9] Bynens, Mathias. "mathiasbynens/dotfiles: .macos". GitHub. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

[10] "Issue 858861: No subpixel antialiasing under macOS Mojave". bugs.chromium.org.

[11] "System preference settings for macOS - macOS - SS64.com". ss64.com.

[12] "Top 11 Terminal Command Tricks for Mac That You Should Know". Guiding Tech.

[13] "Adjust SMB browsing behavior in macOS High Sierra 10.13 and later". Apple Support. Retrieved 5 January 2020. (type into a search engine to find more: site:support.apple.com "defaults write")