Clunies-Ross family

The Clunies-Ross family were the original settlers of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, a small archipelago in the Indian Ocean. From 1827 to 1978, the family ruled the previously uninhabited islands as a private fiefdom, initially as terra nullius and then later under British (1857–1955) and Australian (1955–1978) sovereignty. The head of the family was usually recognised as the resident magistrate, and was sometimes styled as the "King of the Cocos Islands" – a title given by the press.

Oceania House, residence of the Clunies-Ross family
Clunies-Ross family, 1930s generation

History

John Clunies-Ross

John Clunies-Ross was a merchant born in Weisdale, Shetland.[1] In 1813 he was at Timor as Third Mate on board the whaler Baroness Longueville when he received the opportunity to become captain of the brig Olivia, which he took.[2]

Reportedly he first cruised the waters of the then uninhabited Cocos (Keeling) Islands in 1825. After surveying them he moved his family to live on one of the islands in 1827.[3][4]:188 [5][6] Only Joshua Slocum used different dates, when he wrote that "John Clunis-Ross, who in 1814 touched [the island] in the ship Borneo on a voyage to India", nailed up a Union Jack with plans to settle in the future and "[..] returned 2 years later with his wife and family".[7] He planted "hundreds of coconut palms and brought in Malay workers to harvest the nuts", building a business by selling copra.[8] In the beginning, Javanese convicts were used as labourers and "crime of all kinds was rife", before "getting rid of the criminal class and obtaining a better type of Malay coolie."[4]:188 According to a 1903 article in The Timaru Herald Ross "...[ran] his little colony on model lines and succeeded beyond expectation" and Charles Darwin mentioned after his 1836 visit with HMS Beagle that he "found the natives in a state of freedom".[5] However the article left out the sentence that immediately followed :"but in most other points they are considered as slaves".[6][9] Ross traded with Dutch vessels going to Dutch ports on Java and Sumatra and became a naturalised Dutch subject;[5] he had approached both the British and the Dutch government for annexation but neither had responded.[4]:188

John George Clunies-Ross

In 1851, his son John George Clunies-Ross (Ross II) took over, and in 1857 British Captain Stephen Grenville Fremantle visited aboard HMS Juno who "took possession of the islands in the name of the Britannic Majesty's Government." Fremantle appointed John George as superintendent of the islands and left after a 3-month vacation. The connection to Britain changed nothing in Ross's autonomous administration, and it was not until fifteen years later another British ship arrived for a complete survey of the island.[5] Apparently Fremantle annexed the islands by mistake, thinking he had arrived on the Coco Islands of the Andaman Islands.[4]:188

George Clunies-Ross

In 1871, George Clunies-Ross (Ross III) became superintendent after his father had died.[5] It was during his administration, in 1885, that the first annual inspection by a representative of the Straits Settlements Government occurred.[4]:189 In 1886 Queen Victoria granted the islands in perpetuity to the Clunies-Ross family.[8] Representatives of the Government of the Straits Settlements were sent to the island each year and reports reflected that "members of the Clunies-Ross family are to-day in every sense of the word proprietors of the islands, for Mr George Clunies-Ross makes his own laws and interprets them, polices his little domain, provides his own coinage [...] controls the entire trade and acts as "the universal provider" to satisfy the wants of the community".[5] According to Chambers' Journal, there had not been any metallic coins since 1837.[4]:188 He died of a heart attack during a Japanese bombings on the islands in August 1944.[10][11]

John Cecil Clunies-Ross

The title to the islands was claimed by the Ross family until 1978, when John Cecil Clunies-Ross (born 29 November 1928),[10] known as Tuan John,[11] sold the islands to the Commonwealth of Australia for £2.5m ($4.75m) under threat of expropriation.[8][12] The Commonwealth had already been administering the islands since 1955.[12]

John C. Clunies-Ross eventually went bankrupt after the Australian government refused to give any business to his shipping line company. He then moved to Perth with his wife.[8][12] During the 1984 referendum, Clunies-Ross campaigned for independence but the majority of the islanders chose integration with Australia.[12]

John George Clunies-Ross

As of 2007, John "Johnny" George Clunies-Ross (born 1957[13]) lives on the West Island, breeding clams. He stated in 2007 that he was initially frustrated with the 1978 transfer of the islands to Australia, but that he had changed his mind since then: "I was 21 and I'd been brought up to do the job. But even in the old man's time, it had become anachronistic. It had to change".[8]

List of Kings
King[8][12] Regnal name[14][10] Born-Died From[10][11] Until[10][11]
John Clunies-RossClunies-Ross I1786–185418271854
John George Clunies-RossClunies-Ross II1823–187118541871
George Clunies-RossClunies-Ross III1842–191018711910
John Sidney Clunies-RossClunies-Ross IV1868–194419101944
John Cecil Clunies-RossClunies-Ross V1928–201919441978

See also
  • List of administrative heads of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
  • Ian Clunies Ross, prominent Australian scientist and administrator and relative of the Clunies-Ross family

References
  1. Gott, Tony, ed. (19 March 2019). "John Clunies-Ross". North Isles Family History (bayanne.info/Shetland). I17107. Retrieved 3 March 2020.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  2. Farram, Stephen (2007) "Jacobus Arnoldus Haazart and the British interregnum in Netherlands Timor, 1812-1816". Unpublished work accessed 8 November 2016.
  3. "Gleanings in Science, Volume 2". Baptist Mission Press. 1830.
  4. "The Cocos Islands". The Chambers's Journal. Edinburgh. 76: 187–190. 1899. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  5. Long, Edward E. (3 October 1903). "King of the Cocos Island". Timaru Herald, Volume LXXIX, Page 2 (Issue 12187). Via Government of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  6. "Dynasties series: Clunies-Ross Timeline, episode 2". www.abc.net.au. ABC Australia. 16 November 2004. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  7. Joshua Slocum, (1901) "Sailing Alone Around the World", New York Century Co, Pan American edition, p. 212
  8. Nick Squires The man who lost a 'coral kingdom' BBC News, 7 June 2007
  9. Keynes, Richard (2001), Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary, Cambridge University Press, pp. 413–418, retrieved 12 April 2016
  10. "Heir to the Coco Islands". Pacific islands monthly. XX (3). October 1949. p. 13.
  11. Irving, David R. M. (2019). "Strings across the ocean: practices, traditions, and histories of the Cocos Malay biola in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean". Ethnomusicology Forum. 28 (3): 283–320. doi:10.1080/17411912.2020.1754874. ISSN 1741-1912.
  12. Wynne, Emma (6 April 2019). "There was trouble in paradise until Cocos Islanders changed their destiny". ABC News. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  13. "Trove". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  14. "Cocos Island: The King Is Dead". Time. 11 June 1945. ISSN 0040-781X.

Further reading
  • Clunies-Ross, John Cecil; Souter, Gavin The Clunies-Ross Cocos Chronicle, Self, Perth 2009, ISBN 9780980586718
  • Ross, J. C. (May 1835). "The Cocos' Isles. Letter to the Editor, New Selna, Cocos' Isles, July 8th, 1834". Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine. The Metropolitan, part 1. Peck and Newton. pp. 219–221.
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