Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem

The Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, or the BGV theorem, is a theorem in physical cosmology which deduces that any universe that has, on average, been expanding throughout its history cannot be infinite in the past but must have a past spacetime boundary.[1] It is named after the authors Arvind Borde, Alan Guth and Alexander Vilenkin, who developed its mathematical formulation in 2003.[2][1] The BGV theorem is also popular outside physics, especially in religious and philosophical debates.[1][3][4]

The theorem does not assume any specific mass content of the universe and it does not require gravity to be described by Einstein field equations.[1] Theoretical cosmologist Sean M. Carroll argues that the theorem only applies to classical spacetime, and may not hold under consideration of quantum theory.[5]

See also

References
  1. Perlov, Delia; Vilenkin, Alex (2017-08-07). Cosmology for the Curious. Springer. ISBN 9783319570402.
  2. Borde, Arvind; Guth, Alan H.; Vilenkin, Alexander (15 April 2003). "Inflationary space-times are incomplete in past directions". Physical Review Letters. 90 (15): 151301. arXiv:gr-qc/0110012. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90o1301B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.151301. PMID 12732026.
  3. Copan, Paul; Craig, William Lane (2017-11-16). The Kalam Cosmological Argument, Volume 2: Scientific Evidence for the Beginning of the Universe. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781501335891.
  4. Nagasawa, Y. (2012-07-25). Scientific Approaches to the Philosophy of Religion. Springer. ISBN 9781137026019.
  5. Carroll, Sean (2014-02-24). "Post-Debate Reflections". Sean Carroll Blog. Retrieved 2019-11-19.

Further reading


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