Aluminum industry in the United States

The aluminum industry in the United States in 2014 produced 1.72 million metric tons of primary aluminum, worth 3.97 billion dollars, at nine aluminum smelters. In addition, the US produced 1.70 million tons of secondary aluminum from old (post-consumer) scrap, and 1.93 million tons of aluminum from new (manufacturing) scrap. The US was the world's 6th largest producer of primary aluminum in 2014.The industry employed 29,000 people.[1]

US production of aluminum, 1940-2014. Data from USGS

Primary production

In 2014, primary aluminum, which is produced from bauxite, was produced by three companies at nine smelters. Primary aluminum is preferred for high-quality uses such as aircraft. The leader in US production was Alcoa. Also operating multiple primary plants was Century Aluminum.

Primary Aluminum Smelters in the US

Name	Location	Owner	Status and Date
Warrick Plant	Evansville, Indiana	Alcoa	Reopened, July 2018[2]
Intalco Plant	Ferndale, Washington	Alcoa	Operating, April 2018[3]
St. Lawrence Plant	Massena, New York	Alcoa	Closed
Massena Plant	Massena, New York	Alcoa	Operating, April 2014[3]
Mt Holly Plant	Mount Holly, South Carolina	Century Aluminum	Operating, December 2014[4]
Rockdale Plant	Rockdale, Texas	Alcoa	Closed
Wenatchee Plant	Wenatchee, Washington	Alcoa	Closed
Hawesville Plant	Hawesville, Kentucky	Century Aluminum	Reopened, August 2018[5]
Ravenswood Plant	Ravenswood, West Virginia	Century Aluminum	Closed, July 2015[6]
Sebree Plant	Sebree, Kentucky	Century Aluminum	Operating, May 2015[7]
Columbia Falls Plant	Columbia Falls, Montana	Glencore	Closed in March 2015[8]
Noranda Plant	New Madrid, Missouri	Noranda	Reopened, July 2018[9]
Ormet Plant	Hannibal, Ohio	Ormet	Closed, August 2014[10]

Secondary production

Secondary production is the recycling of metallic aluminum derived from scrap. Secondary production can be from either new scrap (from aluminum manufacturing), or from old scrap (post-consumer scrap such as recycled aluminum cans).

Raw materials

Proportion of US aluminum production from various raw materials. Data from USGS.

Main article: Bauxite mining in the United States

The principal raw materials for aluminum production are bauxite (for primary production) and scrap (for secondary production).

Primary aluminum production consumes a great deal of electricity, which makes up about a third of the cost. Making a ton of primary aluminum consumes at least 12,500 kW-hr, and most plants consume 14,500 to 15,000 kW-hr per ton of primary aluminum.[11]

Secondary production of a given unit of aluminum requires about 10% of the electricity of primary production.

The United States mined production of bauxite for primary aluminum production is insignificant. In 2013, the US mined only 1.3 percent of the bauxite it used, US mined production being less than 0.1 percent of world production.

International trade

The US imported nearly all the bauxite (the only commercial aluminum ore) used in producing primary aluminum. For years, the US has produced less than 1% of the bauxite used to make aluminum.

The US also imported 33 percent of the aluminum metal that was used in 2014. Of the imported aluminum, 63% came from Canada.[1]

2015 Imports for consumption by country[12] No. Country Quantity Value metric tons % k$ % 1  Canada 2,820,000 55.5 6,130,000 50.2 2  China 395,000 7.8 1,120,000 9.2 3  Russia 297,000 5.8 683,000 5.6 4  United Arab Emirates 294,000 5.8 665,000 5.5 5  Mexico 162,000 3.2 383,000 3.1 6  Bahrain 109,000 2.1 269,000 2.2 7  Argentina 85,900 1.7 187,000 1.5 8  Germany 78,200 1.5 324,000 2.7 9  Venezuela 68,900 1.4 128,000 1.0 10  South Africa 57,300 1.1 179,000 1.5 11  South Korea 38,400 0.8 109,000 0.9 12  Japan 27,800 0.5 122,000 1.0 13  Brazil 27,000 0.5 56,900 0.5 14  France 21,500 0.4 155,000 1.3 15  Australia 19,800 0.4 47,700 0.4 16  Italy 19,300 0.4 70,400 0.6 17  United Kingdom 17,100 0.3 59,300 0.5 18  Norway 14,000 0.3 32,100 0.3 19  Spain 9,360 0.2 21,400 0.2 20  Belgium 8,810 0.2 43,800 0.4 21  Panama 5,010 0.1 7,070 0.1 22  Netherlands 4,980 0.1 21,900 0.2 Other 496,000 9.8 1,390,000 11.4 Total 5,080,000 100.0 12,200,000 100.0

2015 Exports by country[12] No. Country Quantity Value metric tons % k$ % 1  China 882,000 29.3 1,570,000 18.6 2  Mexico 821,000 27.3 2,530,000 29.9 3  Canada 657,000 21.8 2,050,000 24.3 4  Korea, Republic of 205,000 6.8 532,000 6.3 5  Taiwan 46,700 1.6 106,000 1.3 6  Japan 38,200 1.3 275,000 3.3 7  Hong Kong 32,100 1.1 52,400 0.6 8  France 22,200 0.7 161,000 1.9 9  Germany 20,700 0.7 134,000 1.6 10  United Kingdom 19,200 0.6 164,000 1.9 11  Brazil 9,030 0.3 55,400 0.7 12  Thailand 8,090 0.3 32,900 0.4 13  Saudi Arabia 6,070 0.2 27,800 0.3 14  Singapore 5,010 0.2 41,200 0.5 15  Italy 3,080 0.1 39,800 0.5 16  Netherlands 2,290 0.1 12,200 0.1 17  Venezuela 1,240 0.0 11,200 0.1 18  Philippines 613 0.0 5,660 0.1 19  Russia 359 0.0 1,480 0.0 20  South Africa 202 0.0 2,010 0.0 21  Kazakhstan 65 0.0 463 0.0 22  Ukraine 4 0.0 36 0.0 Other 231,000 7.7 641,000 7.6 Total 3,010,000 100.0 8,450,000 100.0

History of US aluminum production

The US used to be a much more important factor in the world primary aluminum market. As recently as 1981, the US produced 30% of the world's primary aluminum, and for many years up through 2000, the US was the world's largest producer of primary aluminum. In 2014, by contrast, the US ranked sixth in primary aluminum production, and provided only 3.5% of world production.

US production of primary aluminum peaked in 1980 at 4.64 million metric tons. Since then, US primary aluminum production has fallen by more than half, but secondary production has increased, making up much of the difference. In the 1950s and 1960s, primary production made up about 80% of the aluminum output. In 2014, primary production made up 32%, while secondary from new scrap made up 36% and secondary from old scrap made up 32% of US aluminum production.[1]

Climate impact and market competitiveness

The development of tools which calculate upfront carbon emissions is expected to bring changes to the relative competitiveness for US-produced aluminum products, and result in states with cleaner electric grids gaining a competitive advantage both for sourcing aluminum construction materials, and for siting of new aluminum industry facilities.[13]

References

1. E. Lee Bray, Aluminum, US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summary 2015, Jan.2015.
2. Martin, John. Two of three Alcoa smelter potlines restarted; third one still delayed, Evansville Courier & Press, July 18, 2018.
3. Lindquist, Brent. Alcoa reacts to tariffs on foreign aluminum , Lynden Tribune, April 11, 2018.
4. Wren, David. "Century Aluminum completes acquisition of Mt. Holly facility," Post and Courier, 1 Dec. 2015
5. Miller, Sydney. Century Aluminum marking restart of Hawesville smelter with ceremony, 14 News, August 22, 2018
6. Matics, Greg. "Century Aluminum announces permanent closure of Ravenswood smelting plant," Jackson Newspapers, 30 July 2015.
7. Associated Press, "Union workers locked out at aluminum smelter," Archived July 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine WBKO, 12 May 2015.
8. "Columbia Falls Aluminum Co permanently closed," Daily Interlake, 3 March 2015.
9. Reopened Smelter in New Madrid, Co., MO makes its first shipment KFVS-12, July 31, 2018
10. Milam, John, "Shutdown of Ohio aluminum giant Ormet appears final," People's World, 5 August 2014
11. Stuart Burns, "Power costs in the production of primary aluminum," Archived 2014-06-09 at the Wayback Machine Metal mIner, 26 Feb. 2009.
12. "2015 Minerals Yearbook - ALUMINUM [ADVANCE RELEASE]" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Aluminum Statistics and Information
13. Sanders, Helen (2019-09-06). "Carbon Counting: A Driver for U.S. Sourced Aluminum? (Part 2)". Insights and Inspirations. Retrieved 2019-12-08.

See also

• The Aluminum Association