1969 Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign

The 1969 reelection campaign of Ferdinand Marcos, the 10th President of the Republic of the Philippines, started in July 1969 when incumbent President Ferdinand Marcos was unanimously nominated as the Presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party, and concluded when the 1969 Philippine presidential election concluded with Marcos winning an unprecedented second full term as President of the Philippines.[1] With Fernando Lopez as his vice president, he ran against the Liberal Party slate of Sergio Osmena Jr. and Genaro Magsaysay.[2]

Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign, 1969
Campaigned for1969 Philippine presidential election
CandidateFerdinand Marcos
AffiliationNacionalista Party

Background

Ferdinand Marcos won his first campaign for the Philippine Presidency in November 1965, and was inaugurated just before new year's day in December the same year. Under the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines which was in force at the time, Marcos was supposed to be allowed a maximum of two four year terms as President.[1]

Formal Nomination

The formal beginning of the 1969 campaign can be dated to the July 1969 meeting of the Philippines' Nacionalista Party, in which Ferdinand Marcos was formally nominated as the party's presidential candidate. A meeting of the party's ruling junta had met a week earlier to assure that the nomination would be unanimous.[2]

"Guns, goons, and gold"

With his popularity already beefed up by debt-funded spending, Marcos' popularity made it very likely that he would win the election, but he decided, as National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin reported in the Philippines Free Press, to "leave nothing to chance."[2] Time and Newsweek would eventually call the 1969 election the "dirtiest, most violent and most corrupt" in Philippine modern history, with the term "Three Gs", meaning "guns, goons, and gold"[3][4] coined[5] to describe administration's election tactics of vote-buying, terrorism and ballot snatching.[6]

Marcos used the military and the government bureaucracy for his campaign, with members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines participating in putting up campaign propaganda.[1]

Marcos also launched US$50 million worth in infrastructure projects in an effort to curry favor with the electorate.[7] This rapid campaign spending was so massive that it would be responsible for the Balance of Payments Crisis of 1970, whose inflationary effect would cause social unrest leading all the way up to the proclamation of Martial Law in 1972.[8][9] Marcos was reported to have spent PhP 100 for every PhP 1 that Osmeña spent, using up PhP 24 Million in Cebu alone.[6]

Election violence

The most violent election-related incidents took place in Batanes, where Philippine Constabulary officers, paramilitary groups, and hired guns essentially took over the island, and motorcycle-riding thugs rode around terrorizing voters and Comelec officials, and beating up opposition leaders.[1]

Results

Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 11, 1969, resulting in an unprecedented second full term as President of the Philippines for Incumbent President Marcos. Incumbent Vice President Fernando Lopez was also elected to a third full term as Vice President of the Philippines. Twelve other candidates ran for president, however ten of those were widely considered "nuisance candidates," and did not garner a significant number of votes in the election.

References
  1. Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
  2. Nick, Joaquin (2013). Reportage on the Marcoses, 1964-1970. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil Publishing. ISBN 9789712728174. OCLC 853430289.
  3. Parsa, Misagh (2000-08-17). States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521774307.
  4. Patino, Patrick; Velasco, Djorina. "Election Violence in the Philippines" (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. editorial-protecting-vote-459796 (2016-02-29). "Editorial: Protecting the vote". Sunstar. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
  6. Conrado., De Quiros (1997). Dead aim : how Marcos ambushed Philippine democracy. Foundation for Worldwide People Power (Manila, Philippines). Pasig City: Foundation for Worldwide People's Power. ISBN 9719167033. OCLC 39051509.
  7. Burton, Sandra (1989). Impossible Dream: The Marcoses, the Aquinos, and the Unfinished Revolution. Warner Books. ISBN 0446513989.
  8. Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines". Journal of Philippine Development. XIX (35).
  9. Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines". DPIDS Iscussion Paper Series 97-05.: 3, 19.
  10. "In Focus: Edie Romero's "Passionate Strangers" Opens Festival of Restored Filipino Films". National Commission on Culture and the Arts (Philippines). July 12, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
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