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Earth's movement in space is obviously linked to the Sun, as are many other planets. But what I'm asking, is could intelligent life develop on a world that is merely 'passing by' and basking in a nearby star's light, swinging through a habitable zone and profiting briefly? This would make sure that liquid water exists and energy reaches the planet, but could this be realistic?
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A planet such as this is termed a "Rogue Planet". One issue I see with your premise is that a rogue planet that was swinging by a star close enough to enter the habitable zone, but not being permanently captured, is not likely to spend more than a single year in that zone. Even swinging by an O class star, it won't spend more than 1000 years in the habitable zone, which is not long enough for life to evolve.
– Arkenstein XII – 2019-10-05T23:21:23.437See the Arthur C. Clarke short story "Crusade". It has a rogue planet with liquid helium(?) oceans that supercool massive superconducting AIs. Yes, intelligence is possible. Just maybe not "conventional" carbon-based lifeforms. – Lelu – 2019-10-06T00:30:10.690
Tempted to vote to close as duplicate (from review) however, to me it seems more, "unclear what you are asking". Not voting at present, watching.
– BLT-Bub – 2019-10-06T02:12:49.0001@Lelu: Or Larry Niven's Outsiders, another life form based on liquid helium. (IIRC: they're pretty cool, anyway :-)) But having their planet make a close approach to a star would kill them off - about like having Earth spend a year inside the orbit of Mercury. – jamesqf – 2019-10-06T03:03:16.520
'is it possible' style questions are generally poor questions. The answer is yes unless its clearly physically impossible, which it isn't in this case. – GrandmasterB – 2019-10-06T03:36:58.623
Question suggested as a duplicate talks about "supporting" life, not its evolution. Also the accepted answer isn't helpful at all. – Starfish Prime – 2019-10-06T06:50:22.313