In the mameluke empire there are scholarly records of philosophers and educators lamenting that stringed instrument players and singers are more critically acclaimed than great physicians and mathemeticians. These early pop-stars seemed to derive thier fame much the same way our "famous for being famous" types do today. Mass exposure and marketing and associating with the rich and powerful. They just used different methods to do so. They travled a lot and hired criers to announce thier arrivals, which were usually accompanied by extravagant displays of wealth and spectacle. Think alladdins initial appearance to jasmine while masquerading as a prince. Everywhere you go you hire troupes of dancers, animal handlers to parade rare and exotic beasts, slaves or servants to sing praises toss out handfuls of coins or loaves of bread and generally add to the jovial atmosphere, fire-breathers, jugglers, bare chested women etc etc. If nobody knew who you were before they do now, and if you have the musical or choreographic talent you then make a big deal out of presenting yourself and your services to the local strong-man. After such a blatant display of wealth and pomp he basically has no choice but to respond in kind, a big festival is held, lots of wine is drank, lots of babies get made, lots of coin flies around. His people get distracted from thier crushing poverty for a while, thier leader reaffirms his power and benevolence, and you get a bit more famous. He presents you with lavish gifts and you depart. Rinse and repeat.
Thats not to say it's foolproof. History is rife with tales of famous entertainers whose careers met nasty ends because they caught the local despot at a bad time or somehow offended him, or perhaps served one of his adversaries and ended up on his bad side. Or maybe he became jelous and wanted you all to himself. Or maybe just couldnt afford to pay you so decided to accuse you of something and have you punished. Or maybe hes just a bit inbred and a lot mad and just likes seeing guitar players tossed off of buildings.
Its a lot more dangerous than modern day celebrity-hood, but before electronic recordings and telecommunications there were indeed singers and dancers famed across entire empires. They just had to travel a lot and have enough money and connections to promote themselves a lot. Basically you use your talent to get noticed by a wealthy patron, hopefully getting onto his permanant court of sycophants. He will use you to show off to other visiting dignitaries. After a few years he dies, grows bored, or just lets you go. You now use those connections to travel and patronize the courts of the high and mighty. Eventually you become wealthy and wideley recognized enough that you can become your own promoter and travel as you wish.
3If a popstar sings in a desert and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound? – L.Dutch - Reinstate Monica – 2018-06-07T02:37:25.883
1@L.Dutch: The pop star is their hearing it – DT Cooper – 2018-06-07T02:37:58.327
1What infrastructure is there? Do people listen to music in great auditoriums? Do they listen to chamber music? Are artists who play for high ranking people given name recognition? How did artists gain such recognition before the 20th century? Can Reffery do what they did? – Cort Ammon – 2018-06-07T02:40:37.527
The same way folks got famous before radio and television...by publicity stunts in the newspapers. Example: P.T. Barnum.
– user535733 – 2018-06-07T02:40:53.823@Cort Ammon: They have music clubs, and larger concert halls are reserved for more popular music men – DT Cooper – 2018-06-07T02:42:47.403
7By the way, Mozart, Bach & C. did very well just counting on horse based data transmission protocol – L.Dutch - Reinstate Monica – 2018-06-07T02:43:47.627
@L.Dutch: I looked it up, but it didn’t give me the details in enough clearness – DT Cooper – 2018-06-07T02:46:01.693
If your society has enough population, spare time, and wealth for music clubs and concert halls, then they can re-invent railways, telegraphs, etc. Many stars make their name exploiting new media.... – user535733 – 2018-06-07T02:49:58.013
@user535733: They are back at late 1600s to early 1700s technology. – DT Cooper – 2018-06-07T02:51:33.500
5I think the biographies and articles on Mozart, Bach and Beethoven cover this topic pretty well. – Renan – 2018-06-07T02:57:57.360
Aristotle was famous up until know, and he did not even know that internet will exist, this guy will be famous also, just put him in the books. – Mr.J – 2018-06-07T03:42:56.377
1@L.Dutch has a point that needs underscoring. Bach, Mozart, and all the classical masters needed only two things to become famous world-wide without radio or instantaneous comm.: the printing press and time. (And, of course, their inexhaustible talent, but that's a given in your question.) – JBH – 2018-06-07T05:08:36.780
Before instant communication, it usually took the patronage of a king or a rich person renowned for their patronage of fine arts, who took this artist around to places and showed them off. – Real Subtle – 2018-06-07T08:23:14.787