Zulma Carraud

Zulma Carraud
Zulma Carraud
	Portrait of Zulma Carraud and her son Ivan
Born	Estelle Zulma Tourangin-Courant[1]; March 24, 1796; Issoudun
Died	April 24, 1889 (aged 93); Paris
Resting place	Nohant-en-Graçay
Occupation	Author
Nationality	French
Notable works	La Petite Jeanne ou le devoir; Maurice ou le travail

Zulma Carraud (24 March 1796 – 24 April 1889) was a French author. She is best known for her children's books and textbooks particularly La Petite Jeanne ou le devoir and Maurice ou le travail.

Early and family life

Carraud was born on 24 March, 1796 in Issoudun. She attended boarding school whet she met Laure de Balzac and through her, Honoré de Balzac, both of whom she remained lifelong friends with.[2] She married her second cousin François Michel Carraud, who was 15 years her senior, in 1816. They had two children, Ivan and Yorick. They moved to Nohant to live with her brother due to financial troubles in the 1850s.[3] Carraud died in Paris on 24 April, 1889 at the age of 93.[1]

Career

After moving to Nohant, Carraud volunteered as a country doctor and as a teacher at a rural school from 1852 until 1868.[1] She began writing books and textbooks for children in rural areas after struggling to get proper books while she was a teacher. She wrote books aimed specifically at children from peasant families and their parents and was one of the first children's authors to focus on main characters that were not from noble, bourgeois or working-class families.[3]

Her first book, La Petite Jeanne ou le devoir was published in 1852 and was aimed at girls. Her second book, aimed at boys, was called Maurice ou le travail and was published in 1853.[4] Both were sold across France and were endorsed by the Minister of Public Instruction and Beaux-Arts and by the Archbishop of Paris. Between 1864 and 1920, both books sold over 400,000 copies and were used in many schools to teach children from rural backgrounds both reading[3] and middle-class values with clearly defined gender roles.[4]

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References

"Zulma Carraud". Les Bibliothèques de Châteauroux (in French). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Brian Joseph Martin (2011). Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-century France. UPNE. pp. 201, 310. ISBN 978-1-58465-944-0.
Strumingher, Laura S. What Were Little Girls and Boys Made Of?: Primary Education in Rural France, 1830-1880. SUNY Press. pp. 48–58. ISBN 9781438421520.
Brown, Penelope E. (2011). A Critical History of French Children's Literature: Volume Two: 1830-Present. Routledge. pp. 64–67. ISBN 9781135871949.

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[Carraud-1] "Zulma Carraud". Les Bibliothèques de Châteauroux (in French). Retrieved 30 October 2017.

[Martin2011-2] Brian Joseph Martin (2011). Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-century France. UPNE. pp. 201, 310. ISBN 978-1-58465-944-0.

[Strumingher-3] Strumingher, Laura S. What Were Little Girls and Boys Made Of?: Primary Education in Rural France, 1830-1880. SUNY Press. pp. 48–58. ISBN 9781438421520.

[Brown-4] Brown, Penelope E. (2011). A Critical History of French Children's Literature: Volume Two: 1830-Present. Routledge. pp. 64–67. ISBN 9781135871949.