Zone bit recording

In computer storage, zone bit recording (ZBR) is a method used by disk drives to optimise the tracks for increased data capacity. It does this by placing more sectors per zone on outer tracks than on inner tracks. This contrasts with other approaches, such as constant angular velocity (CAV) -drives, where the number of sectors per track are the same. On a disk consisting of roughly concentric tracks – whether realized as separate circular tracks or as a single spiral track – the physical track length (circumference) is increased as it gets farther from the centre hub.

Physical layout of sectors in a zone-bit disc: As distance from the centre increases, the number of sectors in a given angle increases from one (red) to two (green) to four (grey).

The inner tracks are packed as densely as the particular drive's technology allows. The packing of the rest of the disks is changed depending on the type of disk.

With a CAV-drive the data on the outer tracks are the same angular width of those in the centre, and so less densely packed. Using ZBR instead, the inner zoning is used to set the read/write rate, which is the same for other tracks. This permits the drive to have more bits stored in the outside tracks compared to the inner ones. Storing more bits per track equates to achieving a higher total data capacity on the same disk area.[1]

However, ZBR influences other performance characteristics of the hard disk. In the outer most tracks, data will have the highest data transfer rate. Since both hard disks and floppy disks typically number their tracks beginning at the outer edge and continuing inward, and since operating systems typically fill the lowest-numbered tracks first, this is where the operating system typically stores its own files during its initial installation onto an empty drive. Testing disk drives when they are new or empty after defragmenting them with some benchmarking applications will often show their highest performance. After some time, when more data are stored in the inner tracks, the average data transfer rate will drop, because the transfer rate in the inner zones is slower; this, combined with the head's longer stroke and possible fragmentation, may give the impression of the disk drive slowing down over time.[1]

Some other ZBR drives, such as the 800 kilobyte 3.5" floppy drives in the Apple IIGS and older Macintosh computers, don't change the data rate but rather spin the medium slower when reading or writing outer tracks, thus approximating the performance of constant linear velocity drives.[2]

Products that use ZBR/ZCAV
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gollark: I'm busy with the firmware upgrade thing.
gollark: Probably.
gollark: I am attempting a firmware upgrade on the APs. This definitely won't doom us all.
gollark: It's probably some nonsensical interaction of obscure features of various WiFi standards and, I don't know, QoS features.

See also

References
  1. "Zoned Bit Recording". Retrieved 2011-07-18.
  2. Working with Macintosh Floppy Disks in the New Millennium
  3. Electronic Design, Volume 35, Issues 8-15. 1987.
  4. "Zoned bit recording". National Semiconductors. 1989.
  5. example: "5K500.B SATA OEM Specification Revision 1.2" (PDF). Hitachi. 2009-03-17. p. 15. Retrieved 2011-07-29.

HDD from inside - Tracks and zones

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