Yuna River

The Yuna River (Spanish: Río Yuna) is the second longest river in the Dominican Republic[2] at 185.17 km (115.06 miles) in length. It forms within the Cordillera Central mountain range southwest of the city of Bonao and passes through the fertile Cibao Valley.[3] The river from there turns north-northeast passing the city of Bonao along the way. Southwest of Cotuí, the river reaches Hatillo Dam (Spanish: Presa de Hatillo) before turning northeast then east as it reaches its mouth at the Samaná Bay in the northeast part of the Dominican Republic.[4] Like many rivers in the Dominican Republic, the name is derived from the Taíno language.[5]

Yuna River Río Yuna
Map showing the Yuna drainage basin
Location
Country	Dominican Republic
Provinces	Monseñor Nouel, Sánchez Ramírez, Duarte, Samaná
Cities	Bonao, Cotuí
Physical characteristics
Source	Cerro Montoso Hill
• location	La Cuesta de la Vaca, Bonao, Monseñor Nouel, Dominican Republic
• coordinates	18°47′16″N 70°25′05″W
• elevation	1,075 m (3,527 ft)
Mouth	Samaná Bay
• location	Los Haitises National Park, Sánchez, Samaná, Dominican Republic
• coordinates	19°11′47″N 69°37′24″W
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	185.17 km (115.06 mi)[1]
Basin size	5,498 km^2 (2,123 sq mi)[2]
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Tireo River, Masipedro River, Yujo River, Camú River, Cuaba River, Nigua River, Yaiba River, Baiguate River, Azucey River, Guayabo River
• right	Yuboa River, Maimón River, Maguaca River, Chacuey River, Payabo River

Course

The source of the Yuna is located 78.95 km (49.06 miles) southeast of the city of Santiago and 62.41 km (38.78 miles) northwest of the city of Santo Domingo.[6] The source is located near the southern Monseñor Nouel village of La Cuesta de la Vaca within the municipality of Bonao on Cerro Montoso Hill (Spanish: Loma de Cerro Montoso) at an elevation of 1,075 m (3,527 feet) above sea level. The Cerro Montoso Hill lies along the highest mountain range in the West Indies, the Cordillera Central. The Cordillera Central provides the principal watershed and drainage divide for the Dominican Republic; the Yuna has its source along the northern slope of the mountain range.[7] The Yuna descends from its headwaters running south then west where several streams feed into the river near the San José de Ocoa province border. The Yuna then turns north near the village of El Torito passing through several mountains including Torito Hill (Spanish: La Loma del Torito), and Middle Hill (Spanish: La Loma El Medio). The Yuna shifts north-northwest near the Middle Hill passing through several villages including Pino de Yuna, Piedra de los Veganos, and El Capa.[8]

The Yuna next flows into the village of Los Finitos where it travels in a more northerly course. The river then receives two tributaries along its left bank: the Blanco and Tireo River. The Yuna then heads northeast into lower elevations as the river leaves the Cordillera Central. The river passes through the village of Los Quemados, receiving several forks that originate within the Cordillera Central to the west. The river next bypasses Bonao to the northwest of the city. The Yuna then flows into the town of Los Arroces, receiving a major tributary, the Masopedro River, on the left bank. The Yuna then heads east passing under the Autopista Duarte before entering another mountainous region of Monseñor Nouel. The Yuna next passes north of Falconbridge Ltd., a major economic income for the Bonao area. The Yuna heads east as it cuts through several mountains in this region including the Flat Hill (Spanish: La Loma del Llano) where the Yujo River converges onto the Yuna. The river accompanies the Sánchez Ramírez Province line east of Flat Hill and enters the province upon arriving at Lake Hatillo (Spanish: Presa de Hatillo) in the municipality of Cotuí where it joins the Maimón River.[9][10]

Lake Hatillo runs north-northeast for 15.46 km (9.61 miles) and has a total area of 27.94 km² (11 square miles) from the Yuna–Maimón convergence to a hydroelectric dam located 4.21 km (2.62 miles) southwest of Cotuí. The reservoir, surrounded by rolling hills, is the largest artificial lake and is home to the largest dam in the Caribbean.[11] The Hatillo dam in the Yuna River is an example of a dam with flood control purposes.[12] The Yuna continues past the dam running northeast while decreasing in elevation and receiving first the Maguaca River and later the Chacuey River along the right bank. The Yuna bypasses the city of Cotuí to the north and enters a Sánchez Ramírez region filled with cocoa orchards. The Yuna receives its principal tributary, the Camú River, approximately 11.60 km (7.21 miles) northeast of Cotuí at the Duarte Province line at an elevation of 30 m (98.43 feet) above sea level. The Camú River has its source within the Cordillera Central and has a watershed that spans seven provinces: La Vega, Santiago, Monseñor Nouel, Hermanas Mirabal, Sánchez Ramírez, and Duarte. The Yuna turns east after receiving the Camú River along its left bank and now serves as the Sánchez Ramírez-Duarte Province line, heading into wetlands filled with rice and cocoa cultivation. The easternmost segment of the Yuna past the mouth of the Camú River has the most s-shaped curves of any segment in its course. The Yuna continues to decrease in elevation as it heads east reaching 24 m (78.74 feet) above sea level upon entering Duarte Province and the municipality of Eugenio Maria de Hostos where it meets two small tributaries along its left bank: the Nigua and Yaiba Rivers.[10][13]

The Yuna next heads into the municipality of Villa Riva running east-northeast while descending into elevations of 20 m (65.62 feet) above sea level. The Yuna passes north of Los Haitises National Park where it meets the Cevicos River along its right bank. The Yuna then traverses a region with several lagoons and wetlands and heads north to the town of Villa Riva before turning southeast and receiving the Payabo River on its right bank. The Yuna next passes beneath Autopista Juan Pablo II[14] upon briefly entering the municipality of Arenoso and continues east passing several small villages including Los Coles and Agua Santa del Yuna. The Yuna continues east into the village of Los Cacaos where the Yuna serves as the Duarte–Samaná Province line in a region filled with marshlands and cienegas. The Yuna next arrives at the 15.07 km (9.36 miles) long[15] Barracote River which separates from the right bank of the Yuna. The Barracote runs southeast-east as it reaches its mouth at the Samaná Bay (Spanish: Bahía de Samaná) in the municipality of Sánchez at an elevation of 1 m (3.28 feet) above sea level. The main branch of the Yuna continues northeast receiving the Guayabo River on its left bank before traveling east into Samaná Province. The Yuna finally reaches its delta within Los Haitises National Park approximately 3.84 km (2.39 miles)[16] south of the city of Sánchez and 10.26 km (6.38 miles)[17] north of the Barracote River mouth. The delta is located within the Lower Yuna Mangroves (Spanish: Manglares del Bajo Yuna) and empties into the Samaná Bay.,[18][19][20][21] which is one of the largest estuaries in the Caribbean.[22] There is a long period when the Yuna River provides Samana Bay with a flow of stable and low freshwater, as well as two times of the year when the Yuna River rises and provides the Bay with a flow of large freshwater.[23] In total the Yuna River, is 208 km long.[22]

Rice Irrigation

A primary usage for the Yuna River, where it travels along the city of Bonao, is for the cultivation of rice.

Noted by Barzman and Peguero (1995) in Impacts of Altered Freshwater Flows to Estuaries: Yuna River Watershed and Samana Bay (Jim Tobey, 2004) “agrochemical use for rice cultivation in the Yuna watershed is contributing to loss in soil fertility and to increases in pests, weeds, and diseases, which, in turn, require increases in the already high use of the same agrochemicals.” (Tobey, 2004, 31)[24]

Geology

Although most of the Yuna River bed is vegetated, but there is a high amount of gravel south of Bonao.[25]

References

1. "Yuna River course (length plotted using My Places Editor)". Bing Maps. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
2. De la Fuente, Santiago (1976). Geografía Dominicana. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Colegial Quisqueyana. pp. 110–114.
3. Harvey, Sean (2011). The Rough Guide to the Dominican Republic. Penguin. p. 284. ISBN 9781405389112. Retrieved 2012-08-19. ecosystem yuna river.
4. Google (2012-08-09). "Yuna River Mouth" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
5. Cassá, Roberto (1992). Indians of the Antilles (Illustrated ed.). Editorial Abya Yala. p. 310. ISBN 9788471003751. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
6. "Length From Yuna Source to Santiago; Length from Yuna Source to Santo Domingo (length plotted using My Places Editor)". Bing Maps. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
7. Vaughan, Thomas Wayland (1921). A geological reconnaissance of the Dominican republic. Charles Wythe Cooke, Daniel Dale Condit, Clyde Polhemus Ross, Wendell Phillips Woodring, Frank C. Calkins. the University of California: Press of Gibson brothers, Incorporated. p. 41. Retrieved August 17, 2012. cordillera yuna.
8. Arroyo Caña Dominican Republic Topographic Maps 1:50,000 (PDF) (Map). National Imagery and Mapping Agency. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
9. Bonao Dominican Republic Topographic Maps 1:50,000 (PDF) (Map). National Imagery and Mapping Agency. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
10. "Length of Lake Hatillo in Miles and Sq. Miles (length plotted using My Places Editor)". Bing Maps. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
11. Harvey, Sean; Hutton, Tom (2002). Rough Guide to the Dominican Republic. Rough Guides. p. 268. ISBN 9781858289120. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
12. Laboy-Nieves Eddie N., Fred C. Schaffner, Ahmed Abdelhadi, and Mattheus F.A. Goosen (2008). Environmental Management, Sustainable Development and Human Health. CRC Press, 548.
13. Cotuí Dominican Republic Topographic Maps 1:50,000 (PDF) (Map). National Imagery and Mapping Agency. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
14. "Yuna River with DR-7". Bing Maps. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
15. "Length of the Barracote River (Measured using My places Editor)". Bing Maps. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
16. "Yuna Delta to Sánchez (Measured using My places Editor)". Bing Maps. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
17. "Yuna Delta to Barracate Mouth (Measured using My places Editor)". Bing Maps. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
18. Cevicos Dominican Republic Topographic Maps 1:50,000 (PDF) (Map). National Imagery and Mapping Agency. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
19. Villa Riva Dominican Republic Topographic Maps 1:50,000 (PDF) (Map). National Imagery and Mapping Agency. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
20. La Jagua Dominican Republic Topographic Maps 1:50,000 (PDF) (Map). National Imagery and Mapping Agency. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
21. Sanchez Dominican Republic Topographic Maps 1:50,000 (PDF) (Map). National Imagery and Mapping Agency. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
22. Dominican Republic: Samana Bay. The Nature Conservancy. http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/caribbean/dominicanrepublic/placesweprotect/samana-bay-and-yuna-river.xml (Accessed May 11, 2015)
23. Tobey, J. (2004). Impacts of Altered Freshwater Flows to Estuaries: Yuna River Watershed and Samana Bay, Dominican Republic: Draft Profile. Includes: Ortiz, A. Appendix 1: Water Budget of the Yuna River Watershed. Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island and The Nature Conservancy. 12. http://www.crc.uri.edu/download/14_LevelOneProfileDraft_SamanaBay_2004.pdf (Accessed May 7, 2015)
24. Tobey, J. (2004). Impacts of Altered Freshwater Flows to Estuaries: Yuna River Watershed and Samana Bay, Dominican Republic: Draft Profile. Includes: Ortiz, A. Appendix 1: Water Budget of the Yuna River Watershed. Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island and The Nature Conservancy. http://www.crc.uri.edu/download/14_LevelOneProfileDraft_SamanaBay_2004.pdf (Accessed May 7, 2015)
25. Robinson, Hilary (July 2009). "Flood Prediction using Distributed Hydrologic Modeling in the Dominican Republic" (PDF). Rice University. p. 41. Retrieved 19 August 2012.