Yolk sac

The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to an embryo, formed by cells of the hypoblast adjacent to the embryonic disk. This is alternatively called the umbilical vesicle by the Terminologia Embryologica (TE), though yolk sac is far more widely used. In humans, the yolk sac is important in early embryonic blood supply, and much of it is incorporated into the primordial gut during the fourth week of development.[1]

Yolk sac
Human embryo of 3.6 mm
Human embryo from thirty-one to thirty-four days
Details
Carnegie stage	5b
Days	9
Precursor	endoderm
Identifiers
Latin	vesicula umbilicalis; saccus vitellinus
MeSH	D015017
TE	E5.7.1.0.0.0.4
FMA	87180
Anatomical terminology

In humans

Contents in the cavity of the uterus seen at approximately 5 weeks of gestational age by obstetric ultrasonography.

Artificially colored, showing gestational sac, yolk sac and embryo (measuring 3 mm as the distance between the + signs).

The yolk sac is the first element seen within the gestational sac during pregnancy, usually at 3 days gestation.

The yolk sac is situated on the front (ventral) part of the embryo; it is lined by extra-embryonic endoderm, outside of which is a layer of extra-embryonic mesenchyme, derived from the epiblast.

Blood is conveyed to the wall of the yolk sac by the primitive aorta and after circulating through a wide-meshed capillary plexus, is returned by the vitelline veins to the tubular heart of the embryo. This constitutes the vitelline circulation, which in humans serves as a location of haematopoiesis.[2] The yolk sac plays no part in supporting the nutrition of the developing human embryo, which is a role solely carried by the placenta.[3]

At the end of the fourth week, the yolk sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped opening (traditionally called the umbilical vesicle), into the digestive tube by a long narrow tube, the vitelline duct. Rarely, the yolk sac can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm to 5 mm; it is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta. There is no clinical significance to a residual external yolk sac.

• 
  Diagram showing earliest observed stage of human ovum.
  1 - Amniotic cavity
  2 - Yolk-sac
  3 - Chorion
• 
  Diagram illustrating early formation of allantois and differentiation of body-stalk.
  1 Amniotic cavity
  2 Body-stalk
  3 Allantois
  4 Yolk-sac
  5 Chorion
• 
  Diagram showing later stage of allantoic development with commencing constriction of the yolk-sac.
  1 Heart
  2 Amniotic cavity
  3 Embryo
  4 Body-stalk
  5 Placental villi
  6 Allantois
  7 Yolk-sac
  8 Chorion
• 
  Diagram illustrating a later stage in the development of the umbilical cord.
  1 Placental villi
  2 Yolk-sac
  3 Umbilical cord
  4 Allantois
  5 Heart
  6 Digestive tube
  7 Embryo
  8 Amniotic cavity

As a rule the duct undergoes complete obliteration by the 20^th week as most of the yolk sac is incorporated into the developing gastrointestinal tract, but in about two percent of cases its proximal part persists as a diverticulum from the small intestine, Meckel's diverticulum, which is situated about 60 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus.

Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct.

Histogenesis

The yolk sac starts forming during the second week of the embryonic development, at the same time as the shaping of the amniotic sac. The hypoblast starts proliferating laterally and descending. In the meantime Heuser's membrane, located on the opposite pole of the developing vesicle, starts its upward proliferation and meets the hypoblast.

Modifications

• Primary yolk sac: it is the vesicle which develops in the second week, its floor is represented by Heuser's membrane and its ceiling by the hypoblast. It is also known as the exocoelomic cavity.
• Secondary yolk sac: this structure is formed when the extraembryonic mesoderm separates to form the extraembryonic coelom; cells from the mesoderm pinch off an area of the yolk sac, and what remains is the secondary yolk sac.
• The final yolk sac: during the fourth week of development, during organogenesis, part of the yolk sac is surrounded by endoderm and incorporated into the embryo as the gut. The remaining part of the yolk sac is the final yolk sac.

Additional images

• 
  Surface view of embryo of Hylobates concolor.
• 
  Human embryo—length, 2 mm. Dorsal view, with the amnion laid open. X 30.
• 
  Dorsum of human embryo, 2.11 mm in length.
• 
  Section through the embryo.
• 
  Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion. Magnified a little over two diameters.
• 
  Model of human embryo 1.3 mm long.
• 
  Section through ovum imbedded in the uterine decidua
• 
  Human embryo about fifteen days old. Brain and heart represented from right side. Digestive tube and yolk sac in median section.

See also

• Yolk sac tumor

References

1. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Anatomy: Chapter 7
2. Moore, Keith; Persaud, TVN; Torchia, Mark (2013). The Developing Human. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-2002-0.
3. Carter, A.M.; Enders, A.C. (July 2016). "Placentation in mammals: Definitive placenta, yolk sac, and paraplacenta". Theriogenology. 86 (1): 278–287. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.041. PMID 27155730.