Xanthostemon verdugonianus

Xanthostemon verdugonianus
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Myrtaceae
Genus:	Xanthostemon
Species:	X. verdugonianus
Binomial name
	Xanthostemon verdugonianus; Náves ex Fern.-Vill.

Xanthostemon verdugonianus, commonly known as mangkono or Philippine ironwood, is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae.[1] It is endemic to the islands of the Visayas, Palawan, and northeastern Mindanao. It is valued for its extremely durable and heavy timber. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Names

Mangkono (also spelled mangkuno or mancono) is also known as palo de hierro ("iron wood") in Spanish. It is also known as Magkuno (Magcuno) or Makano (Macano) in Surigaonon; and Magkuno or Tamaulauan in Visayan.[2]

Description

Mangkono has a maximum recorded diameter of around 3.8 ft (1.2 m), and a maximum recorded height of 33 ft (10 m). However most trees rarely exceed 1.6 ft (0.49 m) in diameter and 8 ft (2.4 m) in height. The trunk is usually highly irregular with frequent branching. The bark is slate white in color and has a peeling appearance. The sapwood is usually pale reddish in color while the heartwood is deep red to brown.[3][4]

The leaves are around 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 in) in length, and 5 cm (2.0 in) in width. They are dark green in color on the upper side and pale whitish green on the underside. They have a smooth, leathery texture. They are simple and are arranged alternately.[3][4]

The inflorescence are borne at the ends of branches. They are bright red in color and spring from the apex of the peduncles. Each infloresence has multiple peduncles, each with 3 to 6 flowers, for a total of 13 to 20 per inflorescence. Around 12 fruits develop from the flowers. The fruits are dehiscent and septicidal, with two or three sections that open when ripe to disperse small semicircular seeds.[3][4]

Timber

Xanthostemon verdugonianus is known to be the hardest Philippine hardwood species. Cutting a 70-cm thick tree with axes normally requires three hours, but cutting a Mangkono tree with the same diameter usually takes two to four days. Diamond-point saws have been used exclusively but a great volume of water is needed to counter overheating.[5][6]

Because of its inherent hardness and high density, Mangkono has long been recognized as a substitute for the world-famous Lignum vitae (Guaicum officinale L.). Mangkono is an excellent material for the bearing or stern bushing of a steamship's propeller shaft. Its other uses are as rollers, shears, saw guide blocks, tool handles, novelties, poles and piles for wharves and bridges, and posts for houses.[6]

Conservation

The tree is rare and is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN due to overharvesting and habitat loss.[6]

gollark: Evidently they sell very rapidly.

gollark: ~~eBay~~

gollark: No, I mean how does that stop the existing version being used elsewhere?

gollark: It seems like this only works on "new" drugs and would do nothing about, well, the non-new ones which still exist, though?

gollark: That doesn't make much sense, the patents for the old one will *still* expire and be usable by others if they do.

References

"Xanthostemon verdugonianus Náves ex Fern.-Vill". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
"Bureau of Forestry - Bulletin No. 7: A preliminary check list of the principal commercial timbers". Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to the Philippine Islands. 262. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1908. pp. 345–390.
"Tree of the month (part 2) Mangkono (Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves)". PhilStar Global. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
Whitford, H.N. (1912). "Some Philippine Woods". The St. Louis Lumberman. 50: 63.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Xanthostemon verdugonianus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 24 August 2007.
Research Branch, ARCBC, The. "Mangkono (Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves.)" (PDF). ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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[1] "Xanthostemon verdugonianus Náves ex Fern.-Vill". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[root-2] "Bureau of Forestry - Bulletin No. 7: A preliminary check list of the principal commercial timbers". Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to the Philippine Islands. 262. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1908. pp. 345–390.

[philstar-3] "Tree of the month (part 2) Mangkono (Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves)". PhilStar Global. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

[Whitford-4] Whitford, H.N. (1912). "Some Philippine Woods". The St. Louis Lumberman. 50: 63.

[iucn-5] World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Xanthostemon verdugonianus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 24 August 2007.

[arcbc-6] Research Branch, ARCBC, The. "Mangkono (Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves.)" (PDF). ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)