Xanthoria elegans

Xanthoria elegans, commonly known as the elegant sunburst lichen,[1] is a lichenized species of fungus in the genus Xanthoria, family Teloschistaceae. Recognized by its bright orange or red pigmentation, this species grows on rocks, often near bird or rodent perches. It has a circumpolar and alpine distribution. It was one of the first lichens to be used for the rock-face dating method known as lichenometry.

Xanthoria elegans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Peltigerales
Order:
Teloschistales
Family:
Teloschistaceae
Genus:
Xanthoria
Species:
X. elegans
Binomial name
Xanthoria elegans
(Link) Th.Fr. (1860)
Synonyms

Taxonomy

Xanthoria elegans was described by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link as Lichen elegans in 1791,[2] and transferred to the genus Xanthoria by Theodor Magnus Fries (son of Elias Magnus Fries) in 1860.[3]

Description

The thallus of this lichen is described as foliose, having the aspect of leaves, although the central portions of the thallus may appear nearly crustose. It is small, typically less than 5 cm (2 in) wide, with lobes less than 2 mm (0.08 in) broad, appressed to loosely appressed. The upper surface is some shade of orange while the lower surface is white, corticate, with short, sparse hapters (an attachment structure produced by some lichens). The vegetative propagules called soredia and isidia are absent, although apothecia are common.[4] It has been described as possessing swollen, orange-yellow thalli (in streams), compact orange thalli (on boulders) or dark orange-red thalli on the driest rock faces.[5]

The variety X. elegans var. granulifera, characterized by having isidia-like vegetative propagules, has been reported from Greenland and Spitsbergen.[6]

Herbarium specimen of X. elegans, showing the lobes at 40X magnification
X. elegans on the rock's surface

Growth rate

Xanthoria elegans was one of the first species used for lichenometry,[7] a technique of estimating the age of rock faces by measuring the diameter of the lichen thalli growing on them. After an initial period of one or two decades to establish growth (the ecesis interval), X. elegans grows at a rate of 0.5 mm per year for the first century, before slowing down somewhat.[8][9]

Habitat and distribution

This species grows on rock, both calcareous and siliceous, occasionally overgrowing moss or litter or rock. It is often found on exposed to somewhat sheltered sites, often near bird or small-mammal droppings.[4] It has also adapted successfully to growth on man-made and natural growing surfaces from the sea-water spray zone to the boreal forest and in the grasslands of the continental interior.[10][11][12] It can thrive in areas having less than 6 centimetres (2.4 in) annual precipitation and can survive submerged in streams for much of the growing season.[5]

Xanthoria elegans has an extremely broad circumpolar and alpine distribution, and is found on all continents except Australia.[13] It is widespread in Antarctic regions.[14]

The lichen is used as a model system to study the potential to resist extreme environments of outer space. Out of various lichens tested, it showed the ability to recover from space-simulating situations, including exposure to 16 hours of vacuum at 10−3 Pa and UV radiation at wavelengths less than 160 nm or greater than 400 nm.[15] X. elegans has survived an 18-month exposure to solar UV radiation, cosmic rays, vacuum and varying temperatures in an experiment performed by the ESA outside of the ISS.[16]

Bioactive compounds

Various anthraquinone compounds have been identified in X. elegans, including allacinal, physcion, teloschistin,[17] xanthorin,[18] and erythoglaucin,[19] murolic acid and a glycoside derivative of murolic acid ((18R)-18-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside).[20]

Carotenoids

Carotenoids have a number of physiological functions in lichens, such as enhancing the availability of light energy for photosynthesis, and protecting the organism from the photooxidizing action of UV light.[21] In X. elegans, like many Xanthoria species, specimens growing in areas with intense UV radiation contain more carotenoids than those grown in more shaded areas. The biosynthesis of carotenoids is also dependent on the season of the year, as was shown in a study of X. elegans in Antarctica.[22] The predominant carotenoid in X. elegans, responsible for the orange-yellow color, is mutatoxanthin.[21]

Bioactive compounds

In a screen of lichen extracts for cancer-preventing effects, the extract of X. elegans showed significant ability to enhance the activity of quinone reductase, an enzyme that breaks down certain potential carcinogens, rendering them less harmful.[23]

gollark: I find that the messages in the really long bizarre conversations mostly lack humor value.
gollark: For the "boy and his atom" thing probably, I was confusing it with the "nanoputian".
gollark: You kind of can, for dubiously useful definitions of "life".
gollark: How do I make it synthesise "hello, world"?
gollark: As far as I know, not even E. Coli are close to fully understood.

See also

References
  1. "Botany Photo of the Day: Xanthoria elegans". Retrieved 2009-02-26.
  2. Link JHF. (1971). The Genera of Fungi. 1. p. 37.
  3. Fries TM. (1860). Lichenes Arctoi Europae Groenlandiaeque hactenus cogniti (in Latin). p. 69.
  4. Geiser L, McCune B (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87071-394-1.
  5. Fahselt D, Krol M (1989). "Biochemical comparisons of two ecologically distinctive forms of Xantharia elegans in the Canadian High Arctic". Lichenologist. 21 (2): 135–45. doi:10.1017/S0024282989000253.
  6. Giralt M, Nimis PL, Poelt J (1993). "Studies on some species of the lichen genus Xanthoria with isidia-like vegetative propagules". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 74: 271–85.
  7. Beschel RE. (1954). "Eine Flechte als Niederschlagsmesser". Wetter and Leven (in German). 6–7: 56–60.
  8. Osborn G, Taylor J (1975). "Lichenometry on calcareous substrates in the Canadian Rockies". Quaternary Research. 5 (1): 111–20. Bibcode:1975QuRes...5..111O. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(75)90051-4.
  9. McCarthy DP, Smith DJ (1995). "Growth curves for calcium-tolerant lichens in the Canadian Rocky mountains" (PDF). Arctic and Alpine Research. 27 (3): 290–97. doi:10.2307/1551960. JSTOR 1551960.
  10. Hill DH. (1984). The Lichen-Forming Fungi. London, UK: Blackie. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-216-91633-3.
  11. Hinds JW. (1995). "Marine influence on the distribution of Xanthoria parietina, X. elegans, and X. ulophyllodes on marble gravestones in Maine". Bryologist. 98 (3): 402–10. doi:10.2307/3243380. JSTOR 3243380.
  12. Hinds JW, Hinds PL (1993). "The lichen genus Xanthora in Maine". Maine Naturalist. 1: 1–16. doi:10.2307/3858193. JSTOR 3858193.
  13. Almborn O. (1987). "Lichens at high altitudes in Southern Africa". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 25: 401–17.
  14. Castello M. (1995). "The lichen genus Xanthoria in Antarctica". Cryptogamie Bryologie Lichenologie. 16 (2): 79–87.
  15. de Vera JP, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Ott S (2004). "The potential of the lichen symbiosis to cope with the extreme conditions of outer space II: germination capacity of lichen ascospores in response to simulated space conditions". Advances in Space Research. 33 (8): 1236–43. Bibcode:2004AdSpR..33.1236D. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2003.10.035. PMID 15806704.
  16. Live long and prosper, Xanthoria elegans
  17. Khanna RN, Seshadri TR (1968). "Chemical components of Xanthoria elegans". Current Science. 37 (3): 72–3.
  18. Steglich W, Losel W, Reininger W (1967). "Xanthorin, an anthraquinone pigment from Xanthoria elegans". Tetrahedron Letters. 47 (47): 4719–21. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)89589-7.
  19. Steglich W, Reininge W (1969). "Erythroglaucin and other anthraquinone pigments from Xanthoria elegans (link) Th Fr". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 24 (9): 1196.
  20. Rezenka T, Guschina IA (2000). "Glycosidic compounds of murolic, protoconstipatic and allo-murolic acids from lichens of Central Asia". Phytochemistry. 54 (6): 635–45. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00147-3. PMID 10963458.
  21. Czeczuga B. (1983). "Mutatoxanthin, the dominant carotenoid in lichens of Xanthoria genus". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 11 (4): 329–31. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(83)90032-7.
  22. Galun M. (1988). CRC Handbook of Lichenology. III. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8493-3583-9.
  23. Ingólfsdóttir K, Kook Lee S, Bhat KP, Lee K, Chai HB, Kristinsson H, Song LL, Gills J, Gudmundsdóttir JT, Mata-Greenwood E, Jang MS, Pezzuto JM (2000). "Evaluation of selected lichens from Iceland for cancer chemopreventive and cytotoxic activity". Pharmaceutical Biology. 38 (4): 313–317. doi:10.1076/1388-0209(200009)3841-AFT313. PMID 21214483.
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