Wildcard certificate

In computer networking, a wildcard certificate is a public key certificate which can be used with multiple sub-domains of a domain. The principal use is for securing web sites with HTTPS, but there are also applications in many other fields. Compared with conventional certificates, a wildcard certificate can be cheaper and more convenient than a certificate for each sub-domain. Multi-domain wildcard certificates further simplify the complexity and reduce costs by securing multiple domain and their sub-domains.

An example of a wildcard certificate on https://plus.google.com (note the asterisk: *)
An example of an EV certificate acting as a wildcard certificate (note the Subject Alternative Name (SAN) field)

Example

A single wildcard certificate for https://*.example.com will secure all these subdomains on the https://*.example.com domain:

  • payment.example.com
  • contact.example.com
  • login-secure.example.com
  • www.example.com

Instead of getting separate certificates for subdomains, you can use a single certificate for all main domains and subdomains and reduce cost.[1]

Because the wildcard only covers one level of subdomains (the asterisk doesn't match full stops),[2] these domains would not be valid for the certificate:

  • test.login.example.com

The "naked" domain is valid when added separately as a Subject Alternative Name (SubjectAltName):[3]

  • example.com

Note possible exceptions by CAs, for example wildcard-plus cert by DigiCert contains an automatic "Plus" property for the naked domain example.com.

Type of wildcard certificates

Wildcard certificates are categorized on the basis of validation level, number of domain and number of servers it can be used with. Likewise they are named as domain validation wildcard certificate, organisation validation wildcard certificate and extended validation wildcard certificate when we categorize them according to validation level. The name Multi-domain wildcard certificates and Multi-server wildcard certificates are given according to number of domain and number of server. All types of wildcard certificates signed by popular CAs are categorized and listed internet. Therefore there are types of wildcard which can secure multiple domains, multiple servers and provide different levels of validation.

Limitations

Only a single level of subdomain matching is supported in accordance with RFC 2818.[4]

It is not possible to get a wildcard for an Extended Validation Certificate.[5] A workaround could be to add every virtual host name in the Subject Alternative Name (SAN) extension,[6][7] the major problem being that the certificate needs to be reissued whenever a new virtual server is added. (See Transport Layer Security § Support for name-based virtual servers for more information.)

Wildcards can be added as domains in multi-domain certificates or Unified Communications Certificates (UCC). In addition, wildcards themselves can have subjectAltName extensions, including other wildcards. For example, the wildcard certificate *.wikipedia.org has *.m.wikimedia.org as a Subject Alternative Name. Thus it secures www.wikipedia.org as well as the completely different website name meta.m.wikimedia.org.[8]

RFC 6125 argues against wildcard certificates on security grounds.[9]

Examples

The wildcard applies only to one level of the domain name.

label.label.label.TLD
*.domain.com is OK. It will match www.domain.com but not domain.com and not zzz.www.domain.com

The wildcard may appear anywhere inside a label (aka "partial-wildcard")[10]

f*.domain.com is OK. It will match frog.domain.com but not frog.super.domain.com
baz*.example.net is OK and matches baz1.example.net
*baz.example.net is OK and matches foobaz.example.net
b*z.example.net is OK and matches buzz.example.net

(However, note that all major browsers deliberately do not support "partial-wildcard" certificates; they will result in a "SSL_ERROR_BAD_CERT_DOMAIN" error. Similarly, it is typical for standard libraries in programming languages to not support "partial-wildcard" certificates. For example, any "partial-wildcard" certificate will not work with the latest versions of both Python and Go. Thus, use of "partial-wildcard" certs is not recommended.)

Do not allow a label that consists entirely of just a wildcard unless it is the left-most label

sub1.*.domain.com is not allowed.

A cert with multiple wildcards in a name is not allowed.

*.*.domain.com

A cert with * plus a top-level domain is not allowed.

*.com

Too general and should not be allowed.

*

International domain names encoded in ASCII (A-label) are labels that are ASCII-encoded and begin with xn--.

Do not allow wildcards in an international label.

xn--caf-dma.com is café.com
xn--caf-dma*.com is not allowed
Lw*.xn--caf-dma.com is allowed
gollark: No.
gollark: The correct way would be to use IPFS or something, but this is not widely done.
gollark: Or it could just randomly break at some point.
gollark: But that's not remotely decentralized, and the NFTs don't even bother to contain hashes of the image or anything, so it's entirely possible to make your server show different people different things.
gollark: See, storage on-chain is really expensive, so most NFTs just contain URLs for the actual image.

References
  1. "Wildcard Certificate Explained in Simpler Terms". 23 May 2016.
  2. "RFC 2818 - HTTP Over TLS". Internet Engineering Task Force. May 2000. p. 5. Retrieved 2014-12-15. [...] *.a.com matches foo.a.com but not bar.foo.a.com.
  3. "RFC 2595 - Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP". Internet Engineering Task Force. June 1999. p. 3. Retrieved 2014-12-15. For example, *.example.com would match a.example.com, foo.example.com, etc. but would not match example.com.
  4. Wildcard SSL certificate limitation on QuovadisGlobal.com
  5. "Guidelines For The Issuance And Management Of Extended Validation Certificates, Version 1.5.2" (PDF). CA/Browser Forum. 2014-10-16. p. 10. Retrieved 2014-12-15. Wildcard certificates are not allowed for EV Certificates.
  6. x509v3_config Subject Alternative Name
  7. The SAN option is available for EV SSL Certificates on Symantec.com
  8. SSLTools Certificate Lookup of Wikipedia.org's wildcard ssl certificate
  9. "RFC 6125 - Representation and Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer Security (TLS)". Internet Engineering Task Force. March 2011. p. 31. Retrieved 2014-12-10. This document states that the wildcard character '*' SHOULD NOT be included in presented identifiers but MAY be checked by application clients (mainly for the sake of backward compatibility with deployed infrastructure). [...] Several security considerations justify tightening the rules: [...]
  10. Rescorla, E. (May 2000). "RFC 2818 - HTTP Over TLS". tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 2019-04-20.

Relevant RFCs
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