While shepherds watched their flocks

"While shepherds watched their flocks"[1] is a Christmas carol describing the Annunciation to the Shepherds, with words attributed to Irish hymnist, lyricist and England's Poet Laureate Nahum Tate.[2]

While shepherds watched their flocks
GenreHymn
Written1700
TextNahum Tate, Edith Sanford Tillotson
Based onLuke 2:8
Meter8.6.8.6
Melody"Winchester Old" by George Kirbye, "Christmas" by George Frideric Handel, arranged by Lowell Mason
The "meane" of chapter VIII in Christopher Tye's Actes of the Apostles of 1553. The latter half was adapted and used as the tune of "Winchester Old".

The exact date of Tate's composition is not known, but the words appeared in Tate and Nicholas Brady's 1700 supplement to their New Version of the Psalms of David of 1696. It was the only Christmas hymn authorised to be sung by the Anglican Church; before 1700 only the Psalms of David were permitted to be sung. It is written in common metre and based on the Gospel of Luke 2:8–14.

It is the only one of the sixteen works in the 1700 supplement to still be sung today. It was published by Davies Gilbert (London, 1822), and William B. Sandys (London, 1833).[2] The carol is sung to a wide variety of tunes, the two most common ones being Winchester Old in the United Kingdom and a variation on a Handel aria arranged by Lowell Mason in the United States.

Tunes

A lot of tunes have been associated with this carol. The editors of the English Hymnal noting that "it is impossible to print all the tunes which are traditionally sung to this hymn".[3]

Winchester Old

In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, the standard hymn tune of "While shepherds watched" is "Winchester Old" (initially simply "Winchester"), originally published in Este's psalter The Whole Book of Psalmes from 1592. This tune was, in turn, arranged from chapter VIII of Cambridgeshire composer Christopher Tye's setting of the Acts of the Apostles in 1553.[4][5]

George Kirbye, an East Anglian madrigalist about whom little is known, was employed by Este to arrange some of tunes featured in his The Whole Book of Psalmes and it is his arrangement of Tye's work that appears in the psalter to accompany Psalm 84 "How Lovely is Thy Dwelling Place" with the melody in the tenor.[6] The tune and hymn text were probably first published together in an arrangement by William Henry Monk for Hymns Ancient and Modern in 1861.[6][7]

Professor Jeremy Dibble of Durham University has noted that "While shepherds watched" was "the only Christmas hymn to be approved by the Church of England in the 18th century and this allowed it to be disseminated across the country with the Book of Common Prayer." This was because most carols, which had roots in folk music, were considered too secular and thus not used in church services until the end of the 18th century.[4]

Other versions

David Weyman's adaptation of "Christmas", taken from an aria in the 1728 opera Siroe by George Frideric Handel was arranged by Lowell Mason in 1821, and it is now this version which is most commonly used in the United States. The Hymnal Committee of the United Methodist Church, for example, selected "Christmas" for its current hymnal, published in 1989, after the previous 1966 edition had used "Winchester Old".[8] The Presbyterian Hymnal (1990) and the more recent Glory to God hymnal published in 2013 by the Presbyterian Church (USA) include both the "Winchester Old" and "Christmas" versions,[9][10] while the Episcopal Hymnal 1982 has "Winchester Old" and an alternate tune, "Hampton", composed by McNeil Robinson in 1985.[11]

American composer Daniel Read published his tune "Sherburne" in 1785, a popular setting that appeared over seventy times in print before 1810 and is still commonly sung by Sacred Harp singers. It was set to music in 1812 in Harmonia Sacra.

The hymn tune "Cranbrook" was written in 1805 by Canterbury shoe-maker Thomas Clark and named after the local village of Cranbrook.[12] It was originally set to the words 'Grace 'tis a charming sound' written by Philip Doddridge but is now better known in the UK as the tune of On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at.[4] Another popular tune for the hymn from around that time is Old Foster.

It has been set to numerous other tunes, most commonly "Martyrdom", written by Hugh Wilson in 1800 but with an arrangement by Ralph E. Hudson from around 1885, and "Shackelford" by Frederick Henry Cheeswright from 1889. Robert Jackson, parish organist at All Saints‘ Church, Oldham, Lancashire, wrote a tune to "While shepherds watched their flocks by night" in 1903 for the Westwood Moravian Church there. Called "Jackson's Tune," it remains popular there. A note in The English Hymnal mentions "University" and "Crowle" as tunes to which is occasionally sung.[13] In Cornwall, the carol is popularly sung to "Lyngham", a tune usually associated with "O for a Thousand Tongues to Sing". Another tune traditionally used for it in Cornwall is "Northrop".[14] In the towns of villages in the Pennines of West Yorkshire such as Todmorden, "Shaw Lane" is used. "Sweet Chiming Bells" is an alternative folk version, commonly sung in South Yorkshire and Derbyshire, which uses the verses of the hymn but adds a new refrain.[15]

Textual variants
An arrangement from the 19th Century with music by G. W. Fink. Here the title is given as "While Humble Shepherds Watched Their Flocks"

The title in the supplement was "Song of the Angels at the Nativity of our Blessed Saviour", but it has since become known chiefly by its incipit. In Tate's original it appeared as Whilst Shepherds Watched Their Flocks (i.e. 'whilst' not 'while'), but most modern hymn books print "While".[7]

A 19th century version by Gottfried W. Fink was While humble shepherds watched their flocks and other rewritten passages (see illustration). The Hymnal 1982 published in the United States also contained a number of other modernisations, including dropping "Hallelujah" as the final line.[16]

gollark: ```scheme(define actually-forgiving-grudge (lambda (x y) (let* ( (defection-count (length (filter (lambda (m) (= m 1)) x))) (lookback (+ 1 (inexact->exact (floor (expt 1.8 defection-count))))) (result (if (member '(1 0) (take lookback (zip x y))) 1 0)) ) result)))```I think this detects betrayals properly now.
gollark: Wow, BEE the memq function?
gollark: We are investigating MANY things.
gollark: This is quite complex, but here you go.
gollark: ```lualocal mathfloor, mathpow = math.floor, math.powstrats.actually_vaguely_forgiving_grudger = function(prev, opponent, memory) -- gollarious² if #opponent == 0 then return true end if memory.defections == nil then memory.defections = 0 end if opponent[#opponent] == false then memory.defections = memory.defections + 1 return false end local lookback = mathfloor(mathpow(2, memory.defections)) for i = #opponent, (#opponent - lookback), -1 do if opponent[i] == false and prev[i] == true then return false end end return trueend```

References
  1. Also known as "Whilst shepherds watched their flocks" or "The Vision of the Shepherds (ref)
  2. While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks – Sandys
  3. The English hymnal, with tunes. London: Oxford University Press. 1906. p. 58.
  4. Stephen Adams, "Carol 'While Shepherds Watch' was sung to 'Ilkley Moor' tune", The Daily Telegraph, 15 December 2009
  5. The Harvard University Hymn Book (Harvard University Press, 2007), 426
  6. N Temperley, "Kindred and Affinity in Hymn Tunes" in The Musical Times, 1972 - 905
  7. "While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks". The Hymns and Carols of Christmas. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  8. Sanchez, Diana (1989). The Hymns of the United Methodist Hymnal. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press. pp. 91–92. ISBN 0-687-43149-2.
  9. The Presbyterian Hymnal. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press. 1990. pp. 58-59. ISBN 0-664-10096-1.
  10. Glory to God. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press. 2013. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-06645-0313-0.
  11. The Hymnal 1982. New York, NY: Church Publishing. 1985. pp. 94–95.
  12. "While Shepherds Watched". Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  13. The English Hymnal, 1907; p. 53
  14. The English Hymnal, 1907; p. 903
  15. British Library sound recording
  16. "While Humble Shepherds Watched Their Flocks". The Hymns and Carols of Christmas. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
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