Without loss of generality

Without loss of generality (often abbreviated to WOLOG, WLOG[1] or w.l.o.g.; less commonly stated as without any loss of generality or with no loss of generality) is a frequently used expression in mathematics. The term is used to indicate the assumption that follows is chosen arbitrarily, narrowing the premise to a particular case, but does not affect the validity of the proof in general. The other cases are also proven by some symmetry — or another equivalence or similarity.[2][3] As a result, once a proof is given for the particular case, it is trivial to adapt it to prove the conclusion in all other cases.

"WLOG" redirects here. For the radio station, see WLOG (FM).

In many scenarios, the use of "without loss of generality" is made possible by the presence of symmetry. For example, if some property P(x,y) of real numbers is known to be symmetric in x and y, namely that P(x,y) is equivalent to P(y,x), then in proving that P(x,y) holds for every x and y, one may assume, "without loss of generality", that x ≤ y. There is no loss of generality in this assumption, since once the case x ≤ y ⇒ P(x,y) has been proved, the other case follows by y ≤ x ⇒[4] P(y,x) ⇒[5] P(x,y), thereby showing that P(x,y) holds for all cases.

On the other hand, if such a symmetry (or other form of equivalence) cannot be established, then the use of "without loss of generality" is incorrect and can amount to an instance of proof by example — a logical fallacy of proving a claim by proving a non-representative example.[6][3]

Example

Consider the following theorem (which is a case of the pigeonhole principle):

If three objects are each painted either red or blue, then there must be at least two objects of the same color.

A proof:

Assume, without loss of generality, that the first object is red. If either of the other two objects is red, then we are finished; if not, then the other two objects must both be blue and we are still finished.

Here, notice that the above argument works because the exact same reasoning could be applied if the alternative assumption, namely, that the first object is blue, were made. As a result, the use of "without loss of generality" is valid in this case.

gollark: Well, this is a VRAM filesystem, not direct swap, but you can stick swap in there.
gollark: Oh, a different implementation!
gollark: https://github.com/Overv/vramfs if anyone *is* that insane.
gollark: I plan to, around 2020 or so, get another 8GB of RAM, maybe a Ryzen 3000 8-core, and then either Navi, whatever inevitably kind of overpriced stuff Nvidia comes out with, or one of those Intel GPUs.
gollark: Bad deal, buy an RX 570 or something. Retroactively.

See also
  • Up to
  • Mathematical jargon

References
  1. "Without Loss of Generality". Art of Problem Solving. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  2. Chartrand, Gary; Polimeni, Albert D.; Zhang, Ping (2008), Mathematical Proofs / A Transition to Advanced Mathematics (2nd ed.), Pearson/Addison Wesley, pp. 80–81, ISBN 0-321-39053-9
  3. "The Definitive Glossary of Higher Mathematical Jargon — Without Loss of Generality". Math Vault. 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  4. from the just proved implication by interchanging x and y
  5. by symmetry of P
  6. "An Acyclic Inequality in Three Variables". www.cut-the-knot.org. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
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