Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix

The WC-135 Constant Phoenix is a special-purpose aircraft derived from the Boeing C-135 Stratolifter and used by the United States Air Force. Its mission is to collect samples from the atmosphere for the purpose of detecting and identifying nuclear explosions. It is also informally referred to as the "weather bird"[1] or "the sniffer" by workers on the program and international media respectively.[2]

WC-135 Constant Phoenix
A WC-135 Constant Phoenix on takeoff
Role Atmosphere testing related to nuclear incidents
Manufacturer Boeing Military Airplanes Division
Introduction December 1965
Primary user United States Air Force
Number built 10 original WC-135B, plus 1 converted former EC-135C. Two aircraft currently in active service
Developed from C-135 Stratolifter
Variants OC-135B Open Skies

Operational history
A WC-135B at Fairford in 1988. This aircraft remains in service as a WC-135W.
The same aircraft seen at RAF Alconbury in 1992

The WC-135 was introduced in December 1965, replacing Boeing WB-50 aircraft in the weather-reconnaissance and air-sampling mission.[3] Ten aircraft were initially converted from C-135B transport aircraft and were placed in service with the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at McClellan Air Force Base, California, with the Military Airlift Command (MAC). Detachments were located at various bases throughout the United States and worldwide. The aircraft occasionally took on other roles throughout their careers; several aircraft were temporarily assigned to the 10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron at RAF Mildenhall in the late 1980s and early 1990s as training aircraft so that the unit could slow the accumulation of flight hours on its EC-135Hs,[4] while others served as staff transports on an as-needed basis.

Upon retirement from frontline weather reconnaissance service in the early 1990s, five were retained for further use. Serial no. 61-2666 was converted to an NC-135 and remains in service as a testbed for RC-135 equipment upgrades. Serial no. 61-2667 was upgraded to a WC-135W, given the project name Constant Phoenix, and remains in service with the 45th Reconnaissance Squadron at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. Serial no. 61-2674 was converted to the first OC-135B Open Skies observation aircraft, reentering service in 1993. It was later stored in 1997 and replaced with two additional aircraft also converted from WC-135s.[5]

In 1998, a former EC-135C, serial no. 62-3582, was converted into a WC-135C, also designated Constant Phoenix.

In April 2018 it was announced that three KC-135R tanker aircraft would be converted as WC-135R Constant Phoenix aircraft to replace the two aircraft operated by the 45th Reconnaissance Squadron. The first aircraft is scheduled to be converted by L3 Technologies at Greenville, Texas starting in September 2019.[6]

Mission

The WC-135B and WC-135W Constant Phoenix atmospheric-collection aircraft support national-level intelligence consumers by collecting particulate debris and gaseous effluents from accessible regions of the atmosphere in support of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.

Features

The Constant Phoenix's modifications are primarily related to the aircraft's on-board atmospheric collection suite, which allows the mission crew to detect radioactive debris "clouds" in real time. The aircraft is equipped with external flow-through devices to collect particulates on filter paper and a compressor system for whole air samples collected in high-pressure holding spheres. Despite the different designations, both the C and W carry the same mission equipment (similar to the RC-135V and W aircraft).

The interior seats 33 people, including the cockpit crew, maintenance personnel, and special equipment operators from the Air Force Technical Applications Center. On operational sorties, the crew is minimized to just pilots, navigator, and special-equipment operators, to reduce radiation exposure to mission-essential personnel only.

Vela Incident

WC-135B aircraft flew 25 sorties in 1979 to try to ascertain whether a double flash in the South Atlantic that was detected by a Vela satellite was a nuclear weapons test,[7] however, the result was inconclusive.

Pakistan & India

The Constant Phoenix aircraft was used to gather information on the nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan and India in 1998.

North Korea

On October 6, 2006, Japan's Kyodo News agency reported that a US military aircraft, equipped to detect radiation from a nuclear test, took off from southern Japan. This was believed to be part of US efforts to prepare to monitor a North Korean nuclear test.

On October 9, 2006, North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) reported that the country had performed a successful underground nuclear test.

On October 13, 2006, CNN reported: "The U.S. Air Force flew a WC-135 Constant Phoenix atmospheric collection aircraft on Tuesday to collect air samples from the region. A preliminary analysis of air samples from North Korea shows 'radioactive debris consistent with a North Korea nuclear test', according to a statement from the office of the top U.S. intelligence official. The statement, from the office of Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte, was sent to Capitol Hill but not released publicly. CNN obtained it from a congressional source. The national intelligence office statement said the air samples were collected Wednesday, and analysis found debris that would be consistent with a nuclear test 'in the vicinity of Punggye' on Monday. The South Korean Defense Ministry told CNN that the United States has informed it that radioactivity has been detected." The aircraft was based at Offutt AFB and was sent to Kadena Air Base on Okinawa to operate during the sampling missions.[8]

On June 17, 2009, JoongAng Daily reported, in reference to a purported May 25 nuclear test by North Korea: "The U.S. Air Force twice dispatched a special reconnaissance jet, the WC-135 Constant Phoenix from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, to collect air samples."[9]

On November 23, 2010, Sankei Shimbun reported that a WC-135 had been moved to Kadena Air Base in September 2010, in anticipation of a North Korean nuclear test.[10]

On January 31, 2013, the WC-135W was reported to be conducting surveillance flights out of Kadena Air Base in anticipation of another North Korean nuclear test.[11]

On January 6, 2016, the United States Air Force confirmed plans to soon deploy the WC-135 to test for radiation near North Korea to examine North Korea's claim that they had successfully conducted a hydrogen-bomb test on January 5 (EST).[12]

On September 8, 2016, it was reported that the WC-135 would soon begin surveillance flights near the Korean Peninsula[13] after South Korean officials confirmed that North Korea conducted its fifth nuclear test at approximately 0:30 UTC.[14]

On April 12, 2017, it was deployed to Okinawa amid rising tensions with North Korea. North Korea conducted a missile test on April 3, 2017.[15]

On May 19, 2017, two Chinese Su-30 fighter jets intercepted a WC-135 over the East China Sea, prompting a formal complaint from the Pentagon.[16]

Japan

On March 17, 2011, CNN reported that the WC-135W had been deployed from Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska to Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska. From there it assisted in detecting radioactive materials in the atmosphere around Japan, monitoring radioactivity released from the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant caused by the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami of March 11, 2011.[17][18][19]

Europe

In 1986, the WC-135C was deployed to Europe to help monitor the air after the Chernobyl disaster.[20][21]

On February 17, 2017, it was reported that the WC-135C had been deployed to RAF Mildenhall. It was conjectured that this came in response to several reports of anomalous levels of iodine-131 coming from the Norwegian-Russian Border. As of April 10, 2017, there was no official cause of the iodine-131 release.[22][23][24]

Operators
 United States[25]

United States Air Force – Air Combat Command

45th Reconnaissance Squadron

Specifications

General characteristics

  • Crew: 4 flight crew + mission crew
  • Length: 139 ft 11 in (42.65 m)
  • Wingspan: 130 ft 10 in (39.88 m)
  • Height: 42 ft (13 m)
  • Wing area: 2,433 sq ft (226.0 m2)
  • Airfoil: root: BAC 310/311/312 ; tip: BAC 313[26]
  • Max takeoff weight: 300,500 lb (136,305 kg)
  • Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-9 (WC-135C) / Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-5 (WC-135W) turbofan engines, 16,050 lbf (71.4 kN) thrust each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 403 mph (649 km/h, 350 kn)
  • Range: 4,000 mi (6,400 km, 3,500 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 40,000 ft (12,000 m)
  • Wing loading: 123.5 lb/sq ft (603 kg/m2)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.21
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See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References
  1. Cenciotti, David (April 12, 2017). "U.S. Air Force deploys WC-135 "nuclear sniffer" plane to Japan to monitor North Korea's possible nuke weapons tests".
  2. Johnson, Jesse (May 20, 2017). "China denies intercept of 'nuke-sniffer' plane was unsafe, says U.S. must halt surveillance flights". The Japan Times.
  3. Harper, John. "WC-135 Constant Phoenix".
  4. "Aviation Photo #0179969: Boeing WC-135B (717-158) - USA - Air Force". Airliners.net.
  5. Hopkins III, Robert S. (2017). The Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker; More Than a Tanker. Crecy Publishing Limited. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-91080-901-3.
  6. Air Force Times "Air Force to start transforming tankers into WC-135 "nuke sniffers" in FY19" dated April 26, 2018
  7. "History of the Air Force Technical Applications Centre, Patrick Airforce Base, Florida: Volume 1" (PDF). United States Airforce via National Security Archive. May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  8. Timesonline.co.uk, Cold War aircraft searches the sky for proof of test.
  9. joongangdaily.joins.com, U.S. finds that North test in May was nuclear.
  10. "U.S. Moves Spy Aircraft in Preparation for N.Korean Nuke Test". The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition). November 24, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  11. Park Hyun and Jeong Nam-ku (January 31, 2013). "Clinton still hoping North Korea won't conduct a nuclear test". The Hankyoreh. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  12. Lamothe, Dan (January 6, 2016). "This is the Air Force radiation sniffer plane deploying after North Korea's nuclear test". Washington Post. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  13. Lendon, Brad. "US to fly 'radiation sniffer' jet off Korea". CNN.
  14. Katie Hunt; K. J. Kwon; Jason Hanna. "North Korea claims successful test of nuclear warhead". CNN.
  15. "Nuke-sniffer aircraft arrives on Okinawa as tensions rise on Korean peninsula". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  16. "Chinese fighter flies inverted over US Air Force jet". CNN. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  17. "Japan quake tsunamiThis Just In". CNN. March 16, 2011.
  18. "Cosmic Log - U.S. boosts radiation-sniffing system". web.archive.org. March 19, 2011.
  19. "FOIA – 2011-0118/0119/012" (PDF). Nuclear Regulatory Commission. January 26, 2012.
  20. "Constant Phoenix: After Decades of Service, a Little Recognition at Last".
  21. "WC-135 Constant Phoenix > U.S. Air Force > Fact Sheet Display". www.af.mil. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
  22. "U.S. Air Force deploys WC-135 nuclear sniffer aircraft to UK as spike of radioactive Iodine levels is detected in Europe". The Aviationist. February 19, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  23. Bertrand, Pierre (February 23, 2017). "Europe baffled by "recent release" of radioactive Iodine-131". euronews. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  24. Rogoway, Tyler. "Has There Been A "Nuclear Incident" In The Arctic?".
  25. Pike, John. "55th Wing [55th WG]".
  26. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved April 16, 2019.

General

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force website https://www.af.mil.

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