Vivian Lee

Vivian S. Lee (born September 1966) is an American radiologist and health care executive. The President of Verily Health Platforms (Alphabet, Google). Lee is the author of the book, The Long Fix: Solving America's health Care Crisis with Strategies That Work for Everyone (W.W. Norton, 2020). A Senior Lecturer at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Lee is also a Senior Fellow at the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)[2] in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 2019, she was named #11 in Modern Healthcare's 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare[3].

For the Australian weightlifter, see Vivian Lee (weightlifter).
Vivian Lee
Vivian Lee, c. 2010
BornSeptember 1966 (1966-09) (age 53)
Morristown, New Jersey
NationalityAmerican
Alma materHarvard Medical School
University of Oxford
Duke University
Harvard-Radcliffe College
NYU Stern School of Business
Known forCEO of University of Utah Health Care[1]
AwardsNational Academy of Medicine
Scientific career
FieldsRadiology
Health Administration
Education
Author
Research

Raised in Norman, Oklahoma and trained in biomedical engineering and medicine, Lee established an NIH-funded research program in magnetic resonance imaging at NYU. She was elected Fellow of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM)[4] in 2006 and served as the President in 2008–2009. For her scientific discoveries, she was elected to the American Society of Clinical Investigation[5] and the National Academy of Medicine.[6]

Among her leadership roles in academic medicine, Lee served as the inaugural Chief Scientific Officer and Vice Dean for Science at NYU Langone Medical Center, and prior to that as the Vice-Chair for Research in the Department of Radiology. For six years, she served as the CEO of University of Utah Health, Dean of the University of Utah School of Medicine and senior vice-president for health sciences of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. During her tenure as Dean, she was elected to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)[7] Council of Deans Administrative Board and served on the National Institutes of Health Council of Councils, advisory to the Director. She is also a member of the advisory boards of the Massachusetts General Hospital[8] and on the Defense Health Board of the Department of Defense. She serves as Editor-at-Large for New England Journal of Medicine Catalyst[9].

Lee has studied the management and improvement of health care, with an emphasis on data measurement and feedback to create learning health systems and her work has demonstrated the virtuous cycle of improved patient-centeredness, higher quality with better outcomes, and lower costs.

She is married to international legal scholar Benedict Kingsbury.[10] Lee also serves on the Board of Directors of the American Association of Rhodes Scholars, and is also a Director of Zions Bancorporation.

Education and training

A U.S. Presidential Scholar and National Merit Scholar, Lee graduated from Norman High School, in Norman, Oklahoma in 1983.

Lee graduated from Harvard-Radcliffe College magna cum laude in 1986 before receiving a Rhodes Scholarship to study at University of Oxford where she received a doctorate in medical engineering.[11] She then earned an M.D. with honors from Harvard Medical School and subsequently completed a residency in diagnostic radiology at Duke University[11] and a fellowship in MRI at NYU Medical Center.

In 2006, she completed a Master of Business Administration degree at NYU's Stern School of Business, graduating as valedictorian. She later delivered the commencement speech for the class of 2017.[12]

Research in MRI

Funded initially while an MRI fellow and subsequently by the NIH, Lee's initial work developed methods to measure kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and perfusion, noninvasively using ultra-low dose gadolinium-contrast enhanced MRI.[13][14] These techniques were applied to the improved diagnosis of renovascular disease,[15] renal transplant dysfunction,[16] and renal function in cirrhosis.[17] Extensions of this work include the use of MR methods to measure tissue hypoxia[18] and tubular function.[19]

While a part of the NYU MRI research team, Lee contributed to multiple advances in clinical body MRI, including pioneering 3D (volumetric) liver imaging for routine clinical care and for improved detection of hepatocellular carcinoma,[20] improved methods for assessing vascular disease with 3D gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography[21] and venography,[22] and improved surgical planning for living related transplant donor planning in liver and kidney transplantation.[23][24]

As the director of Cardiothoracic MR imaging at NYU, Lee developed new MR methods for fast cardiac imaging[25] and for improved detection of myocardial infarcts.[26] Subsequently, Lee's NIH funded research focused on the development of non-contrast-enhanced methods for vascular MR imaging, and functional calf muscle studies that assess exercise-induced "stress-rest" performance in patients with suspected peripheral vascular disease.[27][28][29]

A popular lecturer who has received multiple teaching awards, Lee authored a textbook entitled Cardiovascular MRI: Physical Principles to Practical Protocols (Lippincott 2006).

Administrative and Leadership roles

NYU Langone Medical Center

During her 5-year tenure as Vice-Chair for Research in Radiology, Lee helped build a research administrative infrastructure that enabled the department, previously unranked in NIH research funding, to reach the top 20.[30] During that time, NYU Langone was also the first U.S. site to install a whole body 7 Tesla MRI scanner.[31]

In 2007, Lee became the inaugural Vice Dean for Science, Chief Scientific Officer and Senior Vice-President, serving as a member of NYU's executive leadership team. Initiatives as Chief Scientific Officer included establishing a new philanthropically-funded Neurosciences Institute[32] and a new NIH-funded Center for Translational Science Institute (CTSI),[33] upgrading core facilities, educational initiatives in grantsmanship, and establishment of a new Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics[34] and a new Department of Statistics and Epidemiology. During her four-year tenure, NYU's ranking among NIH-funded schools of medicine increased from #36 to #26, and continued to rise thereafter.[30]

International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM)

While at NYU, Lee held a number of leadership positions in the ISMRM, the preeminent professional organization of clinical and research MR scientists. She served on the Board of Trustees from 2002–2010, President 2008–2009, and as Scientific Program Chair for 2005 Annual ISMRM meeting. During her tenure, the ISMRM increased financial reserves, enhanced clinician membership and supported sustainability efforts through new "virtual" meetings.

University of Utah

From 2011 to 2017, Lee served as Senior Vice-President for Health Sciences, Dean of the School of Medicine, and the CEO of University of Utah Health. Lee was responsible for an academic health sciences complex that includes five major schools (School of Medicine, School of Dentistry, and Colleges of Nursing, Pharmacy and Health) and a health care system comprising four hospitals, dozens of clinical and research specialty centers, a network of 12 Salt Lake City-area health centers, a regional affiliate network of 19 partner facilities, a health plan, and over 1,400 board-certified physicians. Under her leadership, the University of Utah established a new School of Dentistry, the first new academic dental school in the nation in over 25 years, graduating its first class in 2017.[35]

Lee led University of Utah Health to recognition for its health care delivery system innovations[36] that enable higher quality at lower costs[37][38][39] and with higher patient satisfaction,[40][41][42][43] as well as successful strategies of faculty development and mentorship.[44][45] In 2012, the University of Utah become the first health system in the country to post patient reviews online.[46]

In 2016, University of Utah was ranked first among university hospitals in quality and safety,[47] with NYU Langone and Mayo Clinic rounding out the top three. That year marked the 7th consecutive year that the University of Utah was ranked in the top 10 in quality in the nation. The University's health insurance plan acquired a commercial license, grew five-fold, and was successful in the individual exchange. Improved financial performance of the clinical enterprise enabled increased support and growth of education, research, and community service initiatives.

As Dean, Lee led the significant expansion of the School of Medicine class size from 82 to 125 students per year with increased ongoing state funding.[48] A number of significant philanthropic commitments were made during her tenure, including the establishment of a new Rehabilitation Hospital,[49] funding for a number of research initiatives including the Utah Genome Project,[50] the Center for Medical Innovation,[51] and Driving Out Diabetes: A Larry H. Miller Family Foundation Wellness Initiative,[52] as well as both private and state funding for a new School of Medicine building.[53] During her tenure, the University of Utah's health sciences budget grew 50 percent to over $3.5 billion.

Verily Health Platforms

In 2018, Lee joined Verily Life Sciences (an Alphabet company) to lead Verily Health Platforms. She works closely with Verily’s clinical and engineering teams to develop products and platforms that can support health system improvement and advance population health.

Awards and recognition

In her academic career Lee was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford University, and was recognized as one of Crain's "40 Under 40." In 2009, she received the Chang-Lin Tien Leadership award[54] in 2009. She was elected to the American Society of Clinical Investigation in 2015 and to the National Academy of Medicine in October 2015.[55] In 2019 she received the Gold Medal, the highest award from the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Modern Healthcare listed her among the 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare, ranking her at #11.

Publications
  • Lee, VS; Blanchfield, BB (2018). "Disentangling Health Care Billing For Patients' Physical and Financial Health". Journal of the American Medical Association Network, February. 319 (7): 661–663. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.19966. PMID 29466571.
  • Lee, VS (2017). "Transparency and Trust—Online Patient Reviews of Physicians". N Engl J Med. 376 (3): 197–199. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1610136. PMID 28099823.
  • Lee VS, Why Doctors Shouldn’t Be Afraid of Online Reviews, Harvard Business Review, March 29, 2016
  • Lee, VS; Miller, T; Daniels, C; Paine, M; Gresh, B; Betz, L (2016). "Creating the Exceptional Patient Experience in One Academic Health System". Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 91: 338–344. doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001007.
  • Kawamoto K, Martin CJ, Williams K, Tu MC, Park CG, Hunter C, Staes CJ, Bray BE, Deshmukh VG, Holbrook RA, Morris SJ, Fedderson MB, Sletta A, Turnbull J, Mulvihill, SJ, Crabtree GL, Entwistle DE, McKenna QL, Strong MB, Pendleton RC,[56] Lee VS. Value Driven Outcomes (VDO): a Pragmatic, Modular, and Extensible Software Framework for Understanding and Improving Health Care Costs and Outcomes. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Nov 13, 2014
  • Lee VS, Redesigning Metrics to Integrate Professionalism Into the Governance of Health Care,[57] JAMA, May 12, 2015, Vol 313, No. 18
  • Zhang JL, Morrell G, Rusinek H, Warner L, Vivier P-H, Cheung AK, Lerman L, Lee VS. Measurement of renal tissue oxygenation with Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) MRI and oxygen transit modeling.[58] Am J Physiology – Renal Physiology 2014;306(6):F579–87
  • Sigmund EE, Vivier PH, Sui D, Lamparello N, Mikeev A, Rusinek H, Babb J, Storey P, Lee VS, Chandarana H. Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in renal tissue under hydration and furosemide flow challenges.[59] Radiology 2012; 263(3):758-69
  • Lee VS, Spritzer CE, Carroll BA, Pool LG, Bernstein MA, Heinle SK, MacFall JR. Flow quantification using fast cine phase-contrast (PC) MR imaging, conventionalcine PC MR imaging, and Doppler sonography: in vitro and in vivo validation.[60] AJR 1997; 169:1125-1131.
  • Lee VS, Lavelle MT, Rofsky NM, Laub G, Thomasson D, Krinsky GA, Weinreb JC. Hepatic MR imaging with a dynamic contrast-enhanced isotropic volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination: Feasibility, reproducibility, and technical quality.[61] Radiology 2000; 215:365-372.
  • Lee VS, Resnick D, Bundy JM, Simonetti OP, Lee P, Weinreb JC. Cardiac function: MR evaluation in one breath hold with real-time true fast imaging with steady-state precession.[62] Radiology 2002; 222:835-842.
  • Pandharipande PV, Krinsky GA, Rusinek H, Lee VS. Perfusion imaging of the liver: Current challenges and future goals.[63] Radiology 2005; 234(3): 661-673.
  • Lee VS, Rusinek H, Bokacheva L, Huang AJ, Oesingmann N, Chen Q, Kaur M, Prince K, Song T, Kramer EL, Leonard EF. Renal function measurements from MR renography and amulticompartmental model.[64] Am J Physiology—Renal Physiol 2007; 292;F1548-1559.
  • Miyazaki M, Lee VS. Non-enhanced MR angiography: State-of-the-Art.[65] Radiology, 2008:248(1):20-43.
gollark: I think in most situations you want the non-fallthrough behavior and should have to explicitly opt into fallthrough, or even just have pattern matching which lets you specify ors.
gollark: That makes some sense, and newer language developers must just have copied it due to bee.
gollark: Ah yes, that.
gollark: Pattern matching is just better.
gollark: I really don't get why people thought switch/case with fallthrough by default was a good idea.

References
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  15. Zhang, JL; Rusinek, H; Bokacheva, L; Lim, RP; Chen, Q; Storey, P; Prince, K; Hecht, EM; Kim, DC; Lee, VS (2009). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-enhanced MR renography: repeated measures of GFR and RPF in hypertensive patients". Am J Physiol - Renal Physiol. 296 (4): F884-91. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90648.2008. PMC 2670643. PMID 19158343.
  16. Yamamoto, A; Zhang, JL; Rusinek, H; Chandarana, H; Babb, J; Diflo, T; John, D; Benstein, J; Barisoni, L; Vivier, PH; Stoffel, D; Lee, VS (2011). "Quantitative evaluation of acute renal transplant dysfunction with low-dose 3D MR renography". Radiology. 260 (3): 781–9. doi:10.1148/radiol.11101664. PMC 3157004. PMID 21771953.
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  18. Zhang JL, Morrell G, Rusinek H, Warner L, Vivier P-H, Cheung AK, Lerman L, Lee VS. "Measurement of renal tissue oxygenation with Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) MRI and oxygen transit modeling. Am J Physiol -- Renal Physiol 2014;306(6):F579-87
  19. Lee, VS; Rusinek, H; Bokacheva, L; Huang, AJ; Oesingmann, N; Chen, Q; Kaur, M; Prince, K; Song, T; Kramer, EL; Leonard, EF (2007). "Renal function measurements from MR renography and a multicompartmental model". Am J Physiology—Renal Physiol.
  20. Krinsky, GA; Lee, VS; Theise, ND; Weinreb, JC; Rofsky, NM; Diflo, T; Teperman, LW (2001). "Hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in patients with cirrhosis: prospective diagnosis with MR imaging and transplant correlation". Radiology. 219 (2): 445–454. doi:10.1148/radiology.219.2.r01ma40445. PMID 11323471.
  21. Pandharipande, PV; Lee, VS; Reuss, PM; Charles, HW; Rosen, RJ; Rofsky, NM (2002). "Two-station bolus-chase MR angiography with a stationary table: A simple alternative to automated-table techniques". AJR. 179 (6): 1583–1589. doi:10.2214/ajr.179.6.1791583. PMID 12438059.
  22. Shinde TS, Lee VS' Rofsky NM, Krinsky GA, Weinreb JC. Three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR venographic evaluation of central veins in the thorax: Initial experience Radiology 1999; 213:555–560.
  23. Lee, VS; Krinsky, GA; Nazzaro, CA; Chang, JS; Babb, JS; Lin, JC; Morgan, GR; Teperman, LW (2004). "Defining intrahepatic biliary anatomy in living liver transplant donor candidates at mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MR cholangiography versus conventional T2-weighted MR cholangiography". Radiology. 233 (3): 659–666. doi:10.1148/radiol.2333031977. PMID 15516606.
  24. Israel, GM; Lee, VS; Edye, M; Krinsky, GA; Lavelle, MT; Diflo, T; Weinreb, JC (2002). "Comprehensive MR imaging evaluation of living donor candidates of laparoscopic nephrectomy: Initial experience". Radiology. 225: 427–432. doi:10.1148/radiol.2252011671. PMID 12409576.
  25. Lee, VS; Resnick, D; Bundy, JM; Simonetti, OP; Lee, P; Weinreb, JC (2002). "Cardiac function: MR evaluation in one breath hold with real-time true fast imaging with steady-state precession". Radiology. 222 (3): 835–842. doi:10.1148/radiol.2223011156. PMID 11867810.
  26. Lee, VS; Resnick, D; Tiu, SS; Sanger, JJ; Nazzaro, CA; Israel, GM; Simonetti, OP (2004). "MR imaging evaluation of myocardial viability in the setting of equivocal SPECT results with 99mTc sestamibi". Radiology. 230 (1): 191–197. doi:10.1148/radiol.2301030070. PMID 14617765.
  27. Miyazaki, M; Lee, VS (2008). "Non-enhanced MR angiography: State-of-the-Art". Radiology. 248 (1): 20–43. doi:10.1148/radiol.2481071497. PMID 18566168.
  28. Lim, RP; Fan, Z; Chatterji, M; Baadh, A; Atanasova, IP; Storey, P; Kim, DC; Kim, S; Hodnett, PA; Ahmad, A; Stoffel, DR; Babb, JS; Adelman, MA; Xu, J; Li, D (2013). "Lee VS. Comparison of non-contrast-enhanced MRA subtraction techniques for the infragenual arteries at 1.5 T: A Preliminary Study". Radiology. 267 (1): 293–304. doi:10.1148/radiol.12120859. PMC 3606542. PMID 23297320.
  29. Storey, P; Otazo, R; Lim, RP; Kim, S; Fleysher, L; Oesingmann, N; Lee, VS; Sodickson, DK (2012). "Exploiting sparsity to accelerate noncontrast MR angiography in the context of parallel imaging". Magn Reson Med. 67 (5): 1391–1400. doi:10.1002/mrm.23132. PMC 3291797. PMID 22081482.
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  38. Porter, Michael E.; Lee, Thomas H. (2016-09-13). "From Volume to Value in Health Care". JAMA. 316 (10): 1047–8. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.11698. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 27623459.
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  44. Byington C, Keenan H, Phillips JD, Childs R, Wachs E, Berzins MA, Clark K, Torres MK, Abramson J, Lee VS,Clark EB. A matrix mentoring model effectively supports clinical and translational scientists and increases inclusion in biomedical research. Acad Med. 2016; 91(4):497–502.
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  56. Kawamoto, Kensaku; Martin, Cary J.; Williams, Kip; Tu, Ming-Chieh; Park, Charlton G.; Hunter, Cheri; Staes, Catherine J.; Bray, Bruce E.; Deshmukh, Vikrant G.; Holbrook, Reid A.; Morris, Scott J.; Fedderson, Matthew B.; Sletta, Amy; Turnbull, James; Mulvihill, Sean J.; Crabtree, Gordon L.; Entwistle, David E.; McKenna, Quinn L.; Strong, Michael B.; Pendleton, Robert C.; Lee, Vivian S. (2015). "Value Driven Outcomes (VDO): A pragmatic, modular, and extensible software framework for understanding and improving health care costs and outcomes". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 22 (1): 223–235. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2013-002511. PMC 4433359. PMID 25324556.
  57. Lee, VS; May (2015). "Redesigning Metrics to Integrate Professionalism Into the Governance of Health Care". Journal of the American Medical Association. 323 (18): 1815–6. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.4062. PMID 25965222.
  58. Lee, VS; Zhang, JL; Morrell, G; Rusinek, H; Warner, L; Vivier, PH; Cheung, AK; Lerman, LO; March (2014). "Measurement of renal tissue oxygenation with blood oxygen level-dependent MRI and oxygen transit modeling". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 306 (6): F579-87. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00575.2013. PMC 3949039. PMID 24452640.
  59. Lee, VS; Sigmund, EE; Vivier, PH; Sui, D; Lamparello, NA; Tantillo, K; Mikheev, A; Rusinek, H; Babb, JS; Storey, P; Chandarana, H (2012). "Intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion-tensor imaging in renal tissue under hydration and furosemide flow challenges". Radiology. 263 (3): 758–69. doi:10.1148/radiol.12111327. PMID 22523327.
  60. Lee, Vivian S.; Spritzer CE; Caroll BA; Pool LG Bernstein MA; Heinle SK; MacFall JR (1997). "Flow quantification using fast cine phase-contrast (PC) MR imaging, conventionalcine PC MR imaging, and Doppler sonography: in vitro and in vivo validation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 169 (4): 1125–1131. doi:10.2214/ajr.169.4.9308476. PMID 9308476.
  61. Lee, Vivian S. (1997). "Hepatic MR imaging with a dynamic contrast-enhanced isotropic volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination: feasibility, reproducibility, and technical quality". American Journal of Roentgenology. 169 (4): 1125–1131. doi:10.2214/ajr.169.4.9308476. PMID 9308476.
  62. Lee, Vivian (2002). "Cardiac function: MR evaluation in one breath hold with real-time true fast imaging with steady-state precession". Radiology. 222 (3): 835–42. doi:10.1148/radiol.2223011156. PMID 11867810.
  63. Lee, Vivian; Pandharipande PV; Krinsky GA; Rusinek H (2005). "Perfusion Imaging of the Liver: Current Challenges and Future Goals". Radiology. 234 (3): 661–673. doi:10.1148/radiol.2343031362. PMID 15734925.
  64. Lee, Vivian; Rusinek H; Bokacheva L; Huang AJ; Oesingmann N; Chen Q; Kaur M; Prince K; Song T; Kramer EL; Leonard EF (2007). "Renal function measurements from MR renography and a simplified multicompartmental model". American Journal of Physiology. 292: 1548–1559.
  65. Lee, Vivian; Miyazaki M (2008). "Nonenhanced MR Angiography". Radiology. 248 (1): 20–43. doi:10.1148/radiol.2481071497. PMID 18566168.
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