Vitamin A receptor

Vitamin A receptor, Stimulated by retinoic acid 6 or STRA6 protein was originally discovered as a transmembrane cell-surface receptor for retinol-binding protein.[1][2][3] STRA6 is unique as it functions both as a membrane transporter and a cell surface receptor, particularly as a cytokine receptor. In fact, STRA6 may be the first of a whole new class of proteins that might be known as "cytokine signaling transporters." [4] STRA6 is primarily known as the receptor for retinol binding protein and for its relevance in the transport of retinol to specific sites such as the eye (Vitamin A).[5] It does this through the removal of retinol (ROH) from the holo-Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) and transports it into the cell to be metabolized into retinoids and/or kept as a retinylester.[6] As a receptor, after holo-RBP is bound, STRA6 activates the JAK/STAT pathway, resulting in the activation of transcription factor, STAT5. These two functions—retinol transporter and cytokine receptor—while using different pathways, are processes that depend on each other.[7]

Vitamin A receptor
Identifiers
Symbol?
InterProIPR026612
TCDB2.A.90
OPM superfamily448
OPM protein5sy1
stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse)
Identifiers
SymbolSTRA6
NCBI gene64220
HGNC30650
OMIM610745
PDB5sy1
RefSeqNM_022369
UniProtQ7Z3U9
Other data
LocusChr. 15 q24.1

Mechanism of action

Overview

In the first step, holo-retinol binding protein (holo-RBP; simply means RBP bound to retinol, i.e. the RBP-ROH complex) binds to the extracellular portion of STRA6. This facilitates the release of retinol through the transporter. ROH is then transferred to cellular retinol binding protein 1 (CRBP1), an intracellular acceptor of retinol that attaches to the CRBP Binding Loop (or CBL) on STRA6. This transport of ROH, in turn, activates JAK2, thereby phosphorylating STRA6 at the Y643 (tyrosine) residue.[7] This phosphorylation enables the extension of the CBL further into the cell. Holo-CRBP-I, leaves the CBL and is replaced by apo-CRBP-I (unbound). Holo-CRBP-I will continue to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) where lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) is bound. ROH is released to LRAT which will convert retinol into retinylesters.[6] Following the release of holo-CRBP-I from intercellular STRA6, STAT5 is recruited to STRA6 phosphorylated Y643 region where it is then phosphorylated by JAK2. This phosphorylation activates STAT5 which then makes its way to the nucleus to induce expression of target genes including suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a strong inhibitor of insulin signaling.[6]

Interdependency of cytokine signaling transporter functions

Research has demonstrated that overexpression of CRBP-I increases the ability of RBP-ROH complex to phosphorylate STRA6 and, later, JAK2 and STAT5. Suppressing CRBP-I, on the other hand, led to decreased ability of RBP-ROH complex to phosphorylate STRA6 and signaling components. Similarly, reducing the expression of LRAT also decreased the ability of RBP-ROH complex to phosphorylate JAK2 and STAT5.[7] Therefore, both CRBP-I and LRAT are necessary for the STRA6 signaling cascade upon the binding and transport of retinol. JAK2 is also conversely responsible for the activation of STRA6, after which apo-CRBP-I is recruited to the intercellular CBL of STRA6 and vitamin A might be transferred by the receptor to CRBP-I.[7] Thus, both STRA6 signaling and STRA6 transport of vitamin A are dependent upon each other. Uptake of retinol is required for STRA6 signaling and JAK2 activation of STRA6 is necessary for retinol uptake.

Clinical significance

STRA6 can be found at high levels in various tissues including: the choroid plexus, the brain microvascular, tesis, the spleen, kidney, eye, the placenta, and the female reproductive tract. However, it is surprisingly not found in liver tissue where Vitamin A (retinol) is primarily stored.[8][9] Because of its importance in Vitamin A transport, STRA6 mutations are more commonly associated with problems with eye such as a reduction in retinal thickness and shortening of the inner and outer segments of rod photoreceptors. Therefore, as might be expected, STRA6 mutations result in a number of different abnormalities of the eye such as Microphthalmia, Anophthalmia, and Coloboma.[9][10]

However, STRA6 is clearly vital for more than just eye development as it is expressed in many different tissues detailed above. Other disorders that result from STRA6 mutations include pulmonary dysgenesis, cardiac malformations, and mental retardation. In fact, research has shown that homozygous mutations in human STRA6 gene can lead to Matthew-Wood syndrome, which is a combination of all the mentioned disorders. In this respect, STRA6 mutations can be particularly fatal during the embryonic stage.[8][9]

STRA6 has also been associated with facilitating insulin resistance. This is because STRA6 signaling results in activation of transcription factor STAT5 target genes. One of these target genes is a suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) which is a strong inhibitor of insulin signaling. As a result, STRA6 signaling suppresses the response to insulin by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, IR, by an influx of insulin.[7] In other words, increased levels of the RBP in obese animals (which will increase STRA6 activity) can facilitate insulin resistance. Due to this close relationship between STRA6 and insulin resistance, it has been demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms in STRA6 are associated with Type 2 Diabetes.[7]

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References
  1. Blaner WS (March 2007). "STRA6, a cell-surface receptor for retinol-binding protein: the plot thickens". Cell Metabolism. 5 (3): 164–6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.02.006. PMID 17339024.
  2. Berry DC, O'Byrne SM, Vreeland AC, Blaner WS, Noy N (August 2012). "Cross talk between signaling and vitamin A transport by the retinol-binding protein receptor STRA6". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 32 (15): 3164–75. doi:10.1128/MCB.00505-12. PMC 3434520. PMID 22665496.
  3. Ruiz A, Mark M, Jacobs H, Klopfenstein M, Hu J, Lloyd M, Habib S, Tosha C, Radu RA, Ghyselinck NB, Nusinowitz S, Bok D (May 2012). "Retinoid content, visual responses, and ocular morphology are compromised in the retinas of mice lacking the retinol-binding protein receptor, STRA6". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 53 (6): 3027–39. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8476. PMC 3378086. PMID 22467576.
  4. Berry DC, O'Byrne SM, Vreeland AC, Blaner WS, Noy N (August 2012). "Cross talk between signaling and vitamin A transport by the retinol-binding protein receptor STRA6". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 32 (15): 3164–75. doi:10.1128/MCB.00505-12. PMC 3434520. PMID 22665496.
  5. Kawaguchi R, Yu J, Honda J, Hu J, Whitelegge J, Ping P, Wiita P, Bok D, Sun H (February 2007). "A membrane receptor for retinol binding protein mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A". Science. 315 (5813): 820–5. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..820K. doi:10.1126/science.1136244. PMID 17255476.
  6. Berry DC, O'Byrne SM, Vreeland AC, Blaner WS, Noy N (August 2012). "Cross talk between signaling and vitamin A transport by the retinol-binding protein receptor STRA6". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 32 (15): 3164–75. doi:10.1128/MCB.00505-12. PMC 3434520. PMID 22665496.
  7. Berry DC, O'Byrne SM, Vreeland AC, Blaner WS, Noy N (August 2012). "Cross talk between signaling and vitamin A transport by the retinol-binding protein receptor STRA6". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 32 (15): 3164–75. doi:10.1128/MCB.00505-12. PMC 3434520. PMID 22665496.
  8. Blaner WS (March 2007). "STRA6, a cell-surface receptor for retinol-binding protein: the plot thickens". Cell Metabolism. 5 (3): 164–6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.02.006. PMID 17339024.
  9. Ruiz A, Mark M, Jacobs H, Klopfenstein M, Hu J, Lloyd M, Habib S, Tosha C, Radu RA, Ghyselinck NB, Nusinowitz S, Bok D (May 2012). "Retinoid content, visual responses, and ocular morphology are compromised in the retinas of mice lacking the retinol-binding protein receptor, STRA6". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 53 (6): 3027–39. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8476. PMC 3378086. PMID 22467576.
  10. Casey J, Kawaguchi R, Morrissey M, Sun H, McGettigan P, Nielsen JE, Conroy J, Regan R, Kenny E, Cormican P, Morris DW, Tormey P, Chróinín MN, Kennedy BN, Lynch S, Green A, Ennis S (December 2011). "First implication of STRA6 mutations in isolated anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and coloboma: a new dimension to the STRA6 phenotype". Human Mutation. 32 (12): 1417–26. doi:10.1002/humu.21590. PMC 3918001. PMID 21901792.
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