Virulence-related outer membrane protein family

Virulence-related outer membrane proteins are expressed in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and are essential to bacterial survival within macrophages and for eukaryotic cell invasion.

Virulence-related OMP
Identifiers
SymbolAil_Lom
PfamPF06316
InterProIPR000758
PROSITEPDOC00582
SCOPe1qj9 / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily26
OPM protein1qj8

This family consists of several bacterial and phage Ail/Lom-like proteins. The Yersinia enterocolitica Ail protein is a known virulence factor. Proteins in this family are predicted to consist of eight transmembrane beta-sheets and four cell surface-exposed loops. It is thought that Ail directly promotes invasion and loop 2 contains an active site, perhaps a receptor-binding domain. The phage protein Lom is expressed during lysogeny, and encode host-cell envelope proteins. Lom is found in the bacterial outer membrane, and is homologous to virulence proteins of two other enterobacterial genera. It has been suggested that lysogeny may generally have a role in bacterial survival in animal hosts, and perhaps in pathogenesis.

Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins play role in persistence within ticks (OspA, OspB, OspD), mammalian host transmission (OspC, BBA64), host cell adhesion (OspF, BBK32, DbpA, DbpB), and in evasion of the host immune system (VlsE). OspC trigger innate immune system via signaling through TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 receptors.[1]

Examples

Members of this group include:

  • PagC, required by Salmonella typhimurium for survival in macrophages and for virulence in mice[2]
  • Rck outer membrane protein of the S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis virulence plasmid[3]
  • Ail, a product of the Yersinia enterocolitica chromosome capable of mediating bacterial adherence to and invasion of epithelial cell lines[4]
  • OmpX from Escherichia coli that promotes adhesion to and entry into mammalian cells. It also has a role in the resistance against attack by the human complement system[5]
  • a Bacteriophage lambda outer membrane protein, Lom[6]
  • OspA/B are lipoproteins from Borrelia burgdorferi. OspA and OspB share 53% amino acid identity and likely have a similar antiparallel “free-standing” β sheet protein structure associated with the outer membrane surface via a lipidated NH2-terminal cysteine residue.[7] OspA
  • OspC is a major surface lipoprotein produced by Borrelia burgdorferi when infected ticks feed. OspC is necessary for tick salivary gland invasion.[8] OspC-deficient B. burgdorferi have a markedly reduced capacity (approximately 800-fold less than control spirochetes, OspC expressing) for successful transmission to mice.[9] Its synthesis decreases after transmission to a mammalian host.[10] This protein disappears from the bacterial surface around 2 weeks after infection.[11]

Structure

The crystal structure of OmpX from E. coli reveals that OmpX consists of an eight-stranded antiparallel all-next-neighbour beta barrel.[12] The structure shows two girdles of aromatic amino acid residues and a ribbon of nonpolar residues that attach to the membrane interior. The core of the barrel consists of an extended hydrogen bonding network of highly conserved residues. OmpX thus resembles an inverse micelle. The OmpX structure shows that the membrane-spanning part of the protein is much better conserved than the extracellular loops. Moreover, these loops form a protruding beta sheet, the edge of which presumably binds to external proteins. It is suggested that this type of binding promotes cell adhesion and invasion and helps defend against the complement system. Although OmpX has the same beta-sheet topology as the structurally related outer membrane protein A (OmpA) InterPro: IPR000498, their barrels differ with respect to the shear numbers and internal hydrogen-bonding networks.

OspA from Borrelia burgdorferi is an unusual outer surface protein, it has two globular domains which are connected with a single-layer β-sheet. This protein is highly soluble, contains a large number of Lys and Glu residues. These high entropy residues may disfavor crystal packing.[13]

gollark: I cannot seem to connect to a thing even after configuring my firewall appropriately.
gollark: Bee TCPoids.
gollark: -2π.
gollark: Okay, take a photograph of a single atom of your fingernail.
gollark: See, this is bad and very constrained.

References
  1. Oosting, Marije; Buffen, Kathrin; Meer, Jos W. M. van der; Netea, Mihai G.; Joosten, Leo A. B. (2016-03-03). "Innate immunity networks during infection with Borrelia burgdorferi". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 42 (2): 233–244. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2014.929563. ISSN 1040-841X. PMID 24963691.
  2. Miller SI (1991). "PhoP/PhoQ: macrophage-specific modulators of Salmonella virulence?". Mol. Microbiol. 5 (9): 2073–2078. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02135.x. PMID 1766380.
  3. Cirillo DM, Heffernan EJ, Wu L, Harwood J, Fierer J, Guiney DG (1996). "Identification of a domain in Rck, a product of the Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid, required for both serum resistance and cell invasion". Infect. Immun. 64 (6): 2019–2023. PMC 174031. PMID 8675302.
  4. Miller VL, Bliska JB, Falkow S (1990). "Nucleotide sequence of the Yersinia enterocolitica ail gene and characterization of the Ail protein product". J. Bacteriol. 172 (2): 1062–1069. doi:10.1128/jb.172.2.1062-1069.1990. PMC 208537. PMID 1688838.
  5. Tommassen J, Stoorvogel J, van Bussel MJ, van de Klundert JA (1991). "Molecular characterization of an Enterobacter cloacae outer membrane protein (OmpX)". J. Bacteriol. 173 (1): 156–160. doi:10.1128/jb.173.1.156-160.1991. PMC 207169. PMID 1987115.
  6. Pulkkinen WS, Miller SI (1991). "A Salmonella typhimurium virulence protein is similar to a Yersinia enterocolitica invasion protein and a bacteriophage lambda outer membrane protein". J. Bacteriol. 173 (1): 86–93. doi:10.1128/jb.173.1.86-93.1991. PMC 207160. PMID 1846140.
  7. Templeton, Thomas J. (2004-03-01). "Borrelia Outer Membrane Surface Proteins and Transmission Through the Tick". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 199 (5): 603–606. doi:10.1084/jem.20040033. ISSN 0022-1007. PMC 2213303. PMID 14981110.
  8. Pal, Utpal; Yang, Xiaofeng; Chen, Manchuan; Bockenstedt, Linda K.; Anderson, John F.; Flavell, Richard A.; Norgard, Michael V.; Fikrig, Erol (2004-01-15). "OspC facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi invasion of Ixodes scapularis salivary glands". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 113 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1172/JCI19894. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 311436. PMID 14722614.
  9. Pal, Utpal; Yang, Xiaofeng; Chen, Manchuan; Bockenstedt, Linda K.; Anderson, John F.; Flavell, Richard A.; Norgard, Michael V.; Fikrig, Erol (2004-01-15). "OspC facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi invasion of Ixodes scapularis salivary glands". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 113 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1172/JCI19894. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 311436. PMID 14722614.
  10. Tilly, Kit; Krum, Jonathan G.; Bestor, Aaron; Jewett, Mollie W.; Grimm, Dorothee; Bueschel, Dawn; Byram, Rebecca; Dorward, David; VanRaden, Mark J. (2006-06-01). "Borrelia burgdorferi OspC Protein Required Exclusively in a Crucial Early Stage of Mammalian Infection". Infection and Immunity. 74 (6): 3554–3564. doi:10.1128/IAI.01950-05. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 1479285. PMID 16714588.
  11. Crother, Timothy R.; Champion, Cheryl I.; Whitelegge, Julian P.; Aguilera, Rodrigo; Wu, Xiao-Yang; Blanco, David R.; Miller, James N.; Lovett, Michael A. (2004-09-01). "Temporal Analysis of the Antigenic Composition of Borrelia burgdorferi during Infection in Rabbit Skin". Infection and Immunity. 72 (9): 5063–5072. doi:10.1128/IAI.72.9.5063-5072.2004. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 517453. PMID 15321999.
  12. Schulz GE, Vogt J (1999). "The structure of the outer membrane protein OmpX from Escherichia coli reveals possible mechanisms of virulence". Structure. 7 (10): 1301–1309. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(00)80063-5. PMID 10545325.
  13. Makabe, Koki; Tereshko, Valentina; Gawlak, Grzegorz; Yan, Shude; Koide, Shohei (2006-08-01). "Atomic-resolution crystal structure of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A via surface engineering". Protein Science. 15 (8): 1907–1914. doi:10.1110/ps.062246706. ISSN 1469-896X. PMC 2242579. PMID 16823038.

Further reading
  • Miller VL, Beer KB, Heusipp G, Young BM, Wachtel MR (September 2001). "Identification of regions of Ail required for the invasion and serum resistance phenotypes". Mol. Microbiol. 41 (5): 1053–62. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02575.x. PMID 11555286.
  • Barondess JJ, Beckwith J (August 1990). "A bacterial virulence determinant encoded by lysogenic coliphage lambda". Nature. 346 (6287): 871–4. doi:10.1038/346871a0. PMID 2144037.
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