Viola bicolor

Viola bicolor, commonly known as the American field pansy or wild pansy, is an annual plant in the violet family found throughout much of North America. There is some debate as to whether the plant is native here, or if it was introduced from the Old World as a variety of Viola kitaibeliana, but it is now generally thought to be native to the North America.[2] It is common in disturbed habitats, but is also found in fields and open woods on substrates ranging from sandy soil to clay to limestone.[3][4][5]

Viola bicolor
A light morph of Viola bicolor growing in a sandy field along the mouth of the James River in southeastern Virginia

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Violaceae
Genus: Viola
Species:
V. bicolor
Binomial name
Viola bicolor
Synonyms
  • Viola kitaibeliana auct. non J.A. Schultes
  • Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei Fern.
  • Viola rafinesquei Greene

References
  1. "Viola bicolor". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
  2. Flora of North America
  3. Clausen, Jen; Channell, R.B.; Nur, Uzi (1964), "Viola rafinesquii, the only Melanium violet native to North America", Rhodora, 66 (17)
  4. McKinney, Landon E.; Russel, Norman H. (2002), "Violaceae of the Southeastern United States", Castanea, 67 (4): 369–379, JSTOR 4034132
  5. Hayden, W. John; Clough, John (1990), "Methyl Salicylate Secretory Cells in Roots of Viola arvensis and V. rafinesquii (Violaceae)", Castanea, 55 (1): 65–70, JSTOR 4033351

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