Via (electronics)

A via or VIA (Latin for path or way, also known as vertical interconnect access) is an electrical connection between layers in a physical electronic circuit that goes through the plane of one or more adjacent layers. To ensure via robustness, IPC sponsored a round-robin exercise that developed a time to failure calculator.[1]

For the electronics company, see VIA Technologies.

In IC

In integrated circuit design, a via is a small opening in an insulating oxide layer that allows a conductive connection between different layers. A via on an integrated circuit that passes completely through a silicon wafer or die is called a through-chip via or through-silicon via (TSV). Through-glass vias (TGV) have been studied by Corning Glass for semiconductor packaging, due to the reduced electrical loss of glass versus silicon packaging.[2] A via connecting the lowest layer of metal to diffusion or poly is typically called a "contact".

In PCB
Different types of vias:
(1) Through hole.
(2) Blind via.
(3) Buried via.
The gray and green layers are nonconducting, while the thin orange layers and vias are conductive.
PCB Via current capacity chart showing 1mil Plating Via Current Capacity & Resistance vs Diameter on a 1.6mm PCB

In printed circuit board design, a via consists of two pads in corresponding positions on different layers of the board, that are electrically connected by a hole through the board. The hole is made conductive by electroplating, or is lined with a tube or a rivet. High-density multilayer PCBs may have microvias: blind vias are exposed only on one side of the board, while buried vias connect internal layers without being exposed on either surface. Thermal vias carry heat away from power devices and are typically used in arrays of about a dozen.

A via consists of:

  1. Barrel — conductive tube filling the drilled hole
  2. Pad — connects each end of the barrel to the component, plane, or trace
  3. Antipad — clearance hole between barrel and metal layer to which it is not connected

A via may be at the edge of the board so that it is cut in half when the board is separated; this is known as a castellated hole and is used for a variety of reasons, including allowing one PCB to be soldered to another in a stack.[3]

Three major kinds of vias are shown in right figure. The basic steps of making a PCB are: making the substrate material and stacking it in layers; through-drilling of plating the vias; and copper trace patterning using photolithography and etching. With this standard procedure, possible via configurations are limited to through-holes. Depth-controlled drilling techniques such as using lasers can allow for more varied via types. PCB manufacturing typically starts with a so-called core, a basic double-sided PCB. Layers beyond the first two are stacked from this basic building block. If two more layers are consecutively stacked from bottom of core, you can have a 1-2 via, a 1-3 via and a through hole. Each type of via is made by drilling at each stacking stage. If one layer is stacked on top of the core and other is stacked from the bottom, the possible via configurations are 1-3, 2-3 and through hole. The user must gather information about the PCB manufacturer's allowed methods of stacking and possible vias. For cheaper boards, only through holes are made and antipad (or clearance) is placed on layers which are supposed not to be contacted to vias.

Failure behavior

If well made, PCB vias will primarily fail due to differential expansion and contraction between the copper plating and the PCB in the out of plane direction (Z). This differential expansion and contraction will induce cyclic fatigue in the copper plating, eventually resulting in crack propagation and an electrical open. Various design, material, and environmental parameters will influence the rate of this degradation.[4][5]

  • Plated-through holes, in this section there are eight on a multilayer board (magnified)
  • Double layered plating in CAD. Vias makes EDA placement possible.
    Bottom layer – Red
    Top layer – Blue
  • Plating of plated-through holes:
    Above – Top layer
    Down – Bottom layer
  • Cut section of a multilayer via
  • The small metallic circles are vias
gollark: Indeed. It makes people less likely to try and actually investigate how their system works and treat it as a black box.
gollark: Chromebooks and iPhones and kind of Android phones/tablets (especially on newer versions) use general purpose processors, but with locked bootloaders and limited OSes. Generally to give the company making them a monopoly on app distribution/data gathering and to make DRM schemes "work".
gollark: Or, well, try to.
gollark: There seems to be an increasing trend to make computing stuff not general-purpose, which is annoying.
gollark: Phones are general-purpose computers, regardless of how much the companies don't really want that.

See also

References
  1. "Plated Through Hole (PTH) Fatigue calculator". DfR Solutions. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  2. "PROGRESS AND APPLICATION OF THROUGH GLASS VIA (TGV) TECHNOLOGY" (PDF). corning.com. Retrieved 2019-08-08.
  3. "Castellated Holes / Edge Plating PCB / Castellations". Hi-Tech Corp. 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  4. C. Hillman, Understanding plated through via failures, Global SMT & Packaging – November 2013, pp 26-28, https://www.dfrsolutions.com/hubfs/Resources/services/Understanding_Plated_Through_Via_Failures.pdf?t=1514473946162
  5. C. Hillman, Reliable Plated Through Via Design and Fabrication, http://resources.dfrsolutions.com/White-Papers/Reliability/Reliable-Plated-Through-Via-Design-and-Fabrication1.pdf
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