Vestana Cadue

Vestana Cadue (Kickapoo name: Pam-o-thah-ah-quah) (January 31, 1901 – 22 June 1974) was the first female chairperson of the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas. She was elected just months prior to the passage of House Concurrent Resolution 108 calling for the termination of her tribe. She led the tribal effort to successfully defeat enactment of a termination bill on the Kansas Kickapoo.

Vestana Cadue
Pam-o-thah-ah-quah
Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas leader
Personal details
Born(1901-01-31)January 31, 1901
Kickapoo Indian Reservation, Brown County, Kansas
DiedJune 22, 1974(1974-06-22) (aged 73)
Hiawatha, Kansas
Resting placeKickapoo cemetery, Brown County, Kansas
Spouse(s)
Known forTribal chairperson (1953–1963)

Early life

Vestana Masquat (Kickapoo name: Pam-o-thah-ah-quah)[1] was born on January 31, 1901[2] on the Kickapoo Reservation west of Horton, Brown County, Kansas to Eugene (Kickapoo name: No-kah-waht) Masquat[1] (July, 1876–1918)[3] and Ella [née Herrick][4] Dupuis[5] (Sac & Fox name: Wah pah qua o ke mah a quah) (October,[6] 1869 – December, 1963)[7] The family legend is that Vestana was a great-great-great granddaughter of Joseph Robidoux IV, founder of St. Joseph, Missouri. It was noted in her obituary that she was one of "50 descendants seeking a portion of the Robidoux estate left from the sale of the former St. Joe's "market area".[8] It would appear that this suit concluded in 1978 with no award to the heirs of Robidoux.[9]

Siblings: Louis Dupuis (Sac & Fox name: Pan-e-kah-sheck)[5] (6[10] April,[6] 1888[5] - 8 February 1922);[11] Levi Dupuis (Sac & Fox)[5] (10[12] July,[6] 1889[5][12] - 10 October 1956);[13] Thomas Masquat (Kickapoo name: No-No-Pa) (1[14] October, 1898[6] - 11 September 1920);[15] Rachel Masquat Delacruz[16] (Kickapoo) (1903);[1] Elsie Masquat[5] Allen[17] (Sac & Fox)[5] (1905–1948);[17] Melinda[18] Marie Masquat Segoviano[4] (Kickapoo name: Pe-tha-Koh-tha-quah) (24 October 1906 – 22 August 1988);[18] Robert Eugene Masquat (Kickapoo) (1909 – 25 July 1970);[19][20] and Johnathan[1] Howard Cifford Masquat (Kickapoo) (27 September 1912 – 25 November 1993).[4]

She and her siblings were taken by government agents to attend the Genoa Indian Industrial School in Genoa, Nebraska.[4][8] The school was run like a military regiment, with students formed into companies of captains and lieutenants. They drilled and marched in the parade grounds, woke to "Reveille," and followed U.S. Infantry Drill Regulations. Emphasis at the school was on industrial and vocational training. While reading, writing, and arithmetic were deemed essential, other education was not considered necessary for Indian children and the school only provided ten grades. To receive a high school equivalent, students had to request a transfer to Carlisle or Haskell Institute, which was not often granted by the administration or Indian agents.[21]

Tribal leader

Vestana Cadue was the first woman elected to serve as chair of the Kickapoo Council.[22] She began her term in April, 1953,[23] and was reelected for a second term to begin in 1955.[22] Her third term was contested by her brother, Robert Masquat, and though he won, the election results were voided because less than 30% of eligible voters had taken part in the election.[23] She won the re-vote and served continuously as chair until she was succeeded by her son, Kenneth Cadue,[24] in 1961.[25]

Within 5 months of assuming the tribal chair, Cadue was faced with the prospect of her tribe being terminated. On 1 August 1953, the US Congress passed House Concurrent Resolution 108 which called for the immediate termination of the Flathead, Klamath, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Turtle Mountain Chippewa, as well as all tribes in the states of California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Termination of a tribe meant the immediate withdrawal of all federal aid, services, and protection, as well as the end of reservations.[26] A memo issued by the Department of the Interior on 21 January 1954 clarified that the reference to "Potawatomi" in the Resolution meant the Potawatomi, the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, the Sac and Fox and the Iowa tribes in Kansas.[27] Because jurisdiction over criminal matters had already been transferred to the State of Kansas by the passage of the Kansas Act of 1940 the government targeted the four tribes in Kansas for immediate termination.[27]

In February, 1954 joint hearings for the Kansas tribes were held by the House and Senate Subcommittees on Indian Affairs.[28] Cadue and Tribal Council Members Oliver Kahbeah, and Ralph Simon traveled at their own expense to testify.[28] She and tribal leaders from 12 other tribes expressed their outrage to the media as well as legislators, stating "Termination is proposed, for example, for ill-educated; helpless groups of Shoshones and Paiutes in Nevada and Utah, and for the small, depressed Kickapoo tribe in Kansas, all in need of more help, not less". They stressed that though federal aid had been inadequate, termination and elimination of needed assistance with hospitals, education and agricultural programs would be the death knell of their people.[29] One of those other tribal leaders was Minnie Evans (Indian name: Ke-waht-no-quah Wish-Ken-O)[30][31] chair of the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation.[32] The strong opposition from the Kickapoo and Potawatomi tribes helped them, as well as the other Kansas tribes — the Sac & Fox and the Iowa Tribe — avoid termination.[28]

Cadue also fought with the government over a defunct day school which the tribe wanted to utilize as a community center. The building had closed in 1951 and burned. The BIA area director at Anadarko, Oklahoma had sought to sell the property as surplus government property. Cadue wrote letters to officials in Washington, DC protesting the sale and asserting that since the school was built with funds acquired from the sale of tribal lands it was, in essence, tribal property. Glenn L. Emmons, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, instructed the agent to permit the Kickapoo tribe to use the property until Congress could pass legislation to give the day school property to the tribe.[22]

Personal life

After 30 June 1924,[33] but prior to the 30 June 1925 Kickapoo census, Vestana married Albert Cadue (Kickapoo name: Ash-kah-puck-see)[34] (17 July 1897 – 29 September 1969)[35]

She and Abert had five children who were raised on the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas: Alberta Ella[36] (Mrs. J.C.) Brown[35] (1927); Malinda Jean[36] (Mrs. Emery) Mattwaoshshe[35] (7 January 1928);[36][37] Kenneth Robert[36] Cadue (24 July 1932 – 18 December 1995);[38] Jerald Allen[36] Cadue (4 February 1936 – July 1986),[39] and Albert[8] Duane[35] Cadue (1943–1987)[40]

Vestana died 22 June 1974 at Hiawatha, Brown, Kansas and was buried in the Kickapoo cemetery following drum services.[8]

gollark: `k=list(map(int,k))` ← how strange and unnecessary.
gollark: And yes, it passes my 1 (one) test case.
gollark: I see you are complimenting yourself very complimentarily.
gollark: I, as always, wrote all of these.
gollark: It was me, though.

References
  1. "1915 Kickapoo Indian Census". Rootsweb. 30 June 1915. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  2. "United States Social Security Death Index". Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  3. "Eugene Masquat". Find a Grave. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  4. "Howard C Masquat". Find A Grave. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  5. "1913 Sac & Fox Indian Census". US National Archives. 30 June 1913. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  6. "1891 Kansas Kickapoo Allotment". Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  7. "An Indian tribal service for Mrs. Ella Masquat". Leavenworth, Kansas: The Leavenworth Times. 8 December 1963. p. 6. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  8. "The Atchison Daily Globe". Atchison, Kansas: The Atchison Daily Globe. June 24, 1974. p. 8. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  9. "LAND CLEARANCE FOR REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF the CITY OF ST. JOSEPH, Missouri, Respondent, v. The CITY OF ST. JOSEPH, Missouri, Joseph Robidoux and Angelique Robidoux, husband and wife, and their unknown heirs et al". http://leagle.com. 8 February 1978. Retrieved 17 January 2015. External link in |website= (help)
  10. "779 Draft Registration Card". Family Search Org. 26 May 1917. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  11. "1922 Sac & Fox Indian Census". US National Archives. 30 June 1922. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  12. "1283 Draft Registration Card". Family Search Org. 5 June 1917. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  13. "Levi DuPuis". Find a Grave. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  14. "1557 Draft Registration Card". Family Search Org. 12 September 1918. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  15. "1921 Kickapoo Indian Census". US National Archives. 30 June 1921. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  16. "1937 Kickapoo Indian Census". 1 January 1937. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  17. "Elsie Masquat Allen". Find a Grave. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  18. "Melinda Marie Masquat Segoviano". Find a Grave. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  19. "ROBERT EUGENE MASQUAT". Lawrence, Kansas: Lawrence Journal World. July 27, 1970. p. 16. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  20. "Robert S. Masquat". Find A Grave. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  21. Daddario, Wilma A (1992). ""They Get Milk Practically Every Day". The Genoa Indian Industrial School, 1884-1934" (PDF). Nebraska History. 73: 7–9. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  22. "Indians Elevate a Woman". Kansas City, Missouri: The Kansas City Star. 31 October 1954. p. 129. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  23. "Too Few Took Part in Indian Council Election". Kansas City, Missouri: The Kansas City Times. 25 December 1958. p. 34.
  24. "Younger Indians Take Over As Tribal Council Leaders". Atchison, Kansas: The Atchison Daily Globe. October 16, 1966. p. 2. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  25. "Indians Seeking Better Education". Jefferson City, Missouri: Daily Capital News. 21 March 1961. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  26. US Statutes at Large 67:B132
  27. http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc012737.pdf
  28. Davis, Mary B. (1996). "Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia" (book). Routledge. pp. 286–287. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  29. "War Against Indians". Waterloo Daily Courier. 1 April 1954. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  30. "1927 Census for Potawatomi Indians". Kansas Trails. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  31. "Mrs Minnie Wishkeno Evans". Topeka State Journal. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  32. "Potawatomi Historical Timeline". jacksoncountyjournal.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  33. "1924 Kickapoo Indian Census". US National Archives. 30 June 1924. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  34. "1925 Kansas Kickapoo Indian Census". US National Archives. 30 June 1925. p. 0447. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  35. "Albert Cadue". Find A Grave. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  36. "1940 Kansas Kickapoo Indian Census". US National Archives. 1 January 1940. p. 0413. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  37. "United States Public Records: Malinda J Mattwaoshe". Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  38. "United States Social Security Death Index". Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  39. "United States Social Security Death Index". Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  40. "Albert D. Cadue". Find A Grave. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
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