Vagbhata

Vāgbhata (वाग्भट) is one of the most influential classical writers of ayurveda. Several works are associated with his name as author, principally the Ashtāṅgasaṅgraha (अष्टाङ्गसंग्रह) and the Ashtāngahridayasaṃhitā (अष्टाङ्गहृदयसंहिता). The best current research, however, argues in detail that these two works cannot be the product of a single author. Indeed, the whole question of the relationship of these two works, and their authorship, is very difficult and still far from solution.[1]:645 Both works make frequent reference to the earlier classical works, the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita.[1]:391–593 Vāgbhata is said, in the closing verses of the Ashtānga sangraha, to have lived in Sind, undivided India. (today in Pakistan), and to have been the son of Simhagupta and pupil of Avalokita. He was a Buddhist, as is shown by his explicit praise for the Buddha by name at the start of the Ashtāngasangraha, and his praise of the Buddha under the title "Unprecedented Teacher" in the opening verse of the Ashtānga hridayasamhitā. His work contains syncretic elements.

A frequently quoted erroneous suggestion is that Vāgbhata was an ethnic Kashmiri,[2] based on a mistaken reading of the following note by the German Indologist Claus Vogel: "..judging by the fact that he expressly defines Andhra and Dravida as the names of two southern peoples or kingdoms and repeatedly mentions Kashmirian terms for particular plants, he is likely to have been a Northerner and a native of Kashmir..."[3]. Vogel is speaking here not of Vāgbhata, but of the commentator Indu.

Vagbhata was a disciple of Charaka. Both of his books were originally written in Sanskrit with 7000 sutra. According to Vagbhata, 85% of diseases can be cured without a doctor; only 15% of diseases require a doctor.

Sushruta, "Father of Surgery" and "Father of Plastic Surgery", Charaka, a medical genius, and Vagbhata are considered to be "The Trinity" of Ayurvedic knowledge, with Vagbhata coming after the other two[4]. According to some scholars, Vagbhata lived in Sindh around the sixth century. Not much is known about him personally, except that he was most likely to have been a vedic, as he makes a reference to Lord Shiva in his writings, and his sons, grandsons, and disciples were all vedic. It is also believed that he was taught Ayurvedic medicine by his father and a veda monk, named Avalokita.

Classics of Ayurveda

The Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (Ah, "Heart of Medicine") is written in poetic language. The Aṣṭāṅgasaṅgraha (As, "Compendium of Medicine") is a longer and less concise work, containing many parallel passages and extensive passages in prose. The Ah is written in 7120 easily understood Sanskrit verses that present a coherent account of Ayurvedic knowledge. Ashtanga in Sanskrit means ‘eight components’ and refers to the eight sections of Ayurveda: internal medicine, surgery, gynaecology and paediatrics, rejuvenation therapy, aphrodisiac therapy, toxicology, and psychiatry or spiritual healing, and ENT (ear, nose and throat). There are sections on longevity, personal hygiene, the causes of illness, the influence of season and time on the human organism, types and classifications of medicine, the significance of the sense of taste, pregnancy and possible complications during birth, Prakriti, individual constitutions and various aids for establishing a prognosis. There is also detailed information on Five-actions therapies (Skt. pañcakarma) including therapeutically induced vomiting, the use of laxatives, enemas, complications that might occur during such therapies and the necessary medications. The Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā is perhaps Ayurveda’s greatest classic, and copies of the work in manuscript libraries across India and the world outnumber any other medical work. The Ah is the central work of authority for ayurvedic practitioners in Kerala. The Aṣṭāṅgasaṅgraha, by contrast, is poorly represented in the manuscript record, with only a few, fragmentary manuscripts having survived to the twenty-first century. Evidently it was not widely read in pre-modern times. However, the As has come to new prominence since the twentieth century through being made part of the curriculum for ayurvedic college education in India.

Translations

The Ah has been translated into many languages, including Tibetan, Arabic, Persian and several modern Indian and European languages.[1]:656 Selected passages of the Ah translated into English have been published in the Penguin Classics series.[5]

Other attributed works

Numerous other medical works are attributed to Vāgbhaṭa, but it is almost certain that none of them are by the author of the Ah.

  • the Rasaratnasamuccaya, an iatrochemical work, is credited to Vāgbhaṭa, though this must be a much later author with the same name.
  • an auto-commentary on the Ah, called Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayavaiḍūryakabhāṣya
  • two more commentaries, called Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayadīpikā and
  • Hṛdayaṭippaṇa
  • the Aṣṭāṅganighaṇṭu
  • the Aṣṭāṅgasāra
  • the Aṣṭāṅgāvatāra
  • a Bhāvaprakāśa
  • the Dvādaśārthanirūpaṇa
  • A Kālajñāna
  • the Padhārthacandrikā
  • the Śāstradarpaṇa
  • a Śataślokī
  • a Vāgbhaṭa
  • the Vāgbhaṭīya
  • the Vāhaṭanighaṇṭu
  • a Vamanakalpa
  • A Vāhaṭa is credited with a Rasamūlikānighaṇṭu
  • A Vāhaḍa with a Sannipātanidānacikitsā[1]:597
gollark: So I have to recharge them *every hour*?
gollark: This is versus bluetooth ones, which are generally compatible with *most* things I guess (I can't figure out Bluetooth on my laptop, though), cost >£30, require frequent charging, and need replacing when batteries fail.
gollark: ...
gollark: Anyway! Wired headphones are compatible with basically everything which hasn't gone for ***COURAGE***, cost £5 or so for some reasonably working ones, do not need charging, and have no batteries which need replacing.
gollark: > apple products last longer than 5 years with good care

References
  1. Meulenbeld, G. Jan (1999–2002). History of Indian Medical Literature. IA. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
  2. Anna Akasoy & co., Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes, Ashgate Publishing Limited (2011), p.76
  3. Claus Vogel, Vāgbhata Ashtāngahridayasamhitā. The First Five Chapters of Its Tibetan Version, Franz Steiner (1965), p.13
  4. Hoernle, Rudolf; Hoernle, August F. (1994). Studies In The Medicine Of Ancient India : Osteology Or The Bones Of The Human Body. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. ISBN 9788170221371.
  5. Wujastyk, Dominik (2003). The Roots of Ayurveda. London etc.: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044824-1.

Literature
  • Rajiv Dixit, Swadeshi Chikitsa (Part 1, 2, 3).
  • Luise Hilgenberg, Willibald Kirfel: Vāgbhaṭa’s Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā - ein altindisches Lehrbuch der Heilkunde. Leiden 1941 (aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsche übertragen mit Einleitung, Anmerkungen und Indices)
  • Claus Vogel: Vāgbhaṭa's Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā: the First Five Chapters of its Tibetan Version Edited and Rendered into English along with the Original Sanskrit; Accompanied by Literary Introduction and a Running Commentary on the Tibetan Translating-technique (Wiesbaden: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft—Franz Steiner Gmbh, 1965).
  • G. Jan Meulenbeld: A History of Indian Medical Literature (Groningen: E. Forsten, 1999–2002), IA parts 3, 4 and 5.
  • Dominik Wujastyk: The Roots of Ayurveda. Penguin Books, 2003, ISBN 0-14-044824-1
  • Dominik Wujastyk: "Ravigupta and Vāgbhaṭa". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48 (1985): 74-78.
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