United States v. Southwestern Cable Co.

United States v. Southwestern Cable Co., 392 U.S. 157 (1968), is a case in the development of American administrative law.

United States v. Southwestern Cable Co.
Argued March 12–13, 1968
Decided June 10, 1968
Full case nameUnited States v. Southwestern Cable Co.
Citations392 U.S. 157 (more)
88 S. Ct. 1994; 20 L. Ed. 2d 1001; 1968 U.S. LEXIS 3148; 13 Rad. Reg. 2d (P & F) 2045; 1 Media L. Rep. 2247
Case history
PriorSouthwestern Cable Co. v. United States, 378 F.2d 118 (9th Cir. 1967)
Holding
The FCC has broad authority over "all interstate and foreign communication by wire or radio," which includes CATV systems as they are encompassed within the term "communication by wire or radio," and there is no doubt they are engaged in interstate communication.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
Associate Justices
Hugo Black · William O. Douglas
John M. Harlan II · William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart · Byron White
Abe Fortas · Thurgood Marshall
Case opinion
MajorityHarlan
Douglas, Marshall took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Laws applied
Communications Act of 1934

The scope of authority held by an agency is determined by the agency's organic statute. Where Congress grants an agency the power to maintain and regulate an area guided by the "public interest, convenience, or necessity," such a grant of power can include the regulation of areas not explicitly contemplated by the organic statute, as long as they are within the scope of the purpose of the original statute. Where agency action is necessary to fulfill the agency's ultimate goal, the Court may not prohibit such action.

Note: The approach in this case takes a much more expansive approach than the earlier case of ICC v. Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway Co. which provided for more limited powers for administrative agencies. Specifically, ICC held that regulative powers must be expressly granted by statute and not implied, while NBC v. US, 319 U.S. 190 (1943), held that the issuance of regulations, though not expressly granted, are an acceptable way for the agency to fulfill its statutory obligations to serve the "public interest, convenience, or necessity."

Facts and procedural posture

The FCC established regulations over community antenna television (CATV, or "cable"), and issued an order on the basis of those new regulations. Southwestern Cable filed an action to review the order, arguing that the regulations were impermissible. The Court of Appeals ruled for Southwestern Cable.

The Supreme Court reversed, ruling for the FCC that the regulations were permissible.

Analysis

The FCC's authority stemmed from the Communications Act of 1934, as amended. The Act provided that the Commission's responsibilities were to

"make available ... to all the people of the United States a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communication service ..." (47 USC 152(a))

Further, the FCC was given:

"regulatory power over all forms of electrical communication, whether by telephone, telegraph, cable, or radio."

Southwestern Cable argued that the Communications Act, properly understood, does not permit the regulation of CATV, because

  1. The Commission sought legislation to explicitly allow regulation over CATV in 1959 and 1966, and both efforts were unsuccessful. The Court ruled, however, that this was not dispositive.
  2. 47 U.S.C. § 152 did not independently grant the power to regulate all those services, but named areas in which regulation could be permitted by later legislative act. The Court rejected that argument, because it found no language in the statutes restricting regulation to radio, congress could not have foreseen the development of CATV at the time of the legislation, and National Broadcasting Co. v. United States had held that the Commission was granted "a comprehensive mandate" with "not niggardly but expansive powers."

The Court then notes Commission reports indicating the importance of regulating CATV, because the failure to do so, the benefits of CATV would be "placed in jeopardy by the unregulated explosive growth of CATV."

The Court notes finally that court precedents indicate that the Court may not, "in the absence of compelling evidence that such was Congress' intention ... prohibit administrative action imperative for the achievement of an agency's ultimate purposes."

gollark: And this doesn't even ACTUALLY WORK.
gollark: ```javascriptexport const enqueueCrawl = async (crawlURL, tier) => { // robotsPolicy will be filled in on first actual crawl for the domain // this has to be done as a fairly complex DB-side query to prevent race conditions console.log("running insert for", crawlURL.toString()) const [domain] = await DB`INSERT INTO domains (domain, enabled, robotsPolicy, tier) SELECT ${crawlURL.hostname}, FALSE, NULL, ${tier} WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT id, domain, enabled, robotsPolicy, tier FROM domains WHERE domain = ${crawlURL.hostname}) RETURNING id` console.log(crawlURL.toString(), domain) // Add entry to crawl queue await DB`INSERT INTO crawl_targets (url, domain) VALUES (${crawlURL.toString()}, ${domain.id}) ON CONFLICT (url) DO UPDATE SET added = NOW()`}```This should NOT be quite so bee.
gollark: I'm busy trying to work out exactly how horrible a PostgreSQL query I need to do this stupid thing under concurrent write load.
gollark: So surely YOU can do it, if ""deforming things"""" is so easy.
gollark: I can't really do art, in general.

See also

Further reading
  • Gellhorn, Ernest; Robinson, Glen O. (1975). "Perspectives on Administrative Law". Columbia Law Review. Columbia Law Review, Vol. 75, No. 4. 75 (4): 771–799. doi:10.2307/1121686. JSTOR 1121686.
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