Truly neutral particle

In particle physics, a truly neutral particle is a subatomic particle that is its own antiparticle. In other words, it remains itself under the charge conjugation which replaces particles with their corresponding antiparticles. All charges of a truly neutral particle must be equal to zero. This requires particles to not only be electrically neutral, but also requires that all of their other charges (like the colour charge) are neutral.

Known examples of such elementary particles include photons, Z bosons, and Higgs bosons, along with the hypothetical neutralinos, sterile neutrinos, and gravitons. For a spin-1/2 particle such as the neutralino, being truly neutral implies being a Majorana fermion.

Composite particles can also be truly neutral. A system composed of a particle forming a bound state with its antiparticle, such as the neutral pion (
π⁰
), is truly neutral. Such a state is called an “onium”, another example of which is positronium, the bound state of an electron and a positron (
e⁻

e⁺
).

By way of contrast neutrinos are not truly neutral since they have a weak isospin of ±1/2, or equivalently, a non-zero weak hypercharge, both of which are charge-like quantum numbers. (The example presumes on evidence to date, which gives no indication that neutrino are Majorana particles.)

References

Davydov, A.S. (1976). Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). Pergamon Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4831-8783-9.

Okun, L.B. (1985). Particle Physics: The Quest for the Substance of Substance. CRC Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-7186-0228-5.

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