Tropical Storm Ofelia (1993)

Tropical Storm Ofelia, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Luming, was an early-season tropical cyclone that passed south Japan during July 1993. An area of disturbed weather developed from the Western Pacific monsoon trough in late July 1993. The disturbance organized into a tropical depression on July 24, and the next day developed into a tropical storm. Tracking west-northwestward, Ofelia slowly deepened and attained its peak intensity of 80 km/h (50 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 994 mbar (29.4 inHg) at noon on July 26. On the next day, the storm made landfall shorty before weakening to a tropical depression. On July 27, Ofelia transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.

Tropical Storm Ofelia
Tropical storm (JMA scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
FormedJuly 24, 1993 (July 24, 1993)
DissipatedJuly 27, 1993 (July 27, 1993)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 85 km/h (50 mph)
1-minute sustained: 85 km/h (50 mph)
Lowest pressure990 hPa (mbar); 29.23 inHg
Fatalities13
Damage$197 million (1993 USD)
Areas affectedJapan
Part of the 1993 Pacific typhoon season

Across Tokushima Prefecture, 3 people were killed and 44 homes were damaged while 25 other homes were destroyed. Elsewhere, across Kochi Prefecture, 142 homes were damaged and an additional 452 were destroyed. Three people were also killed and another was injured. The storm dropped heavy rains in Ehime Prefecture for a 36 hour period, resulting in 17 landslides and the cancellation of 16 flights. Throughout the prefecture, 119 houses were damaged and 10 others were destroyed. In Oita Prefecture, a landslide destroyed a home in Honyabakei, killing three. In Hiroshima Prefecture, 18,060 households lost power after 934 power lines were downed while 713 homes were damaged and 54 were destroyed. A total of 22 railtracks and 1,165 roads were damaged. Three people were also hurt. In Yamaguchi Prefecture, four people were killed. Moreover, 1,312 homes were damaged and 84 others were destroyed. Overall, 13 people were killed and damage was estimated at 21.9 billion yen (US$197 million).[nb 1][nb 2]

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Tropical Storm Ofelia originated from the Western Pacific monsoon trough during July 1993. At 06:00 UTC on July 24, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started tracking a tropical disturbance,[1] which the Japan Meteorological Agency classified as a tropical depression twelve hours later.[2][nb 3][nb 4] Around this time, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also monitored the storm and assigned it with the local name Luming.[5] At 22:00 UTC, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued based on satellite imagery that showed a well-organized system, although the low-level circulation remained exposed from the deep convection. Due the sudden development of central dense overcast over the low-level circulation center, the JTWC issued its first warning on Tropical Storm Ofelia at 06:00 UTC on July 25, although post-season analysis from the JTWC indicated that Ofelia did not become a tropical storm until three hours later.[1] The JMA followed suit that evening.[6] Tracking west-northwestwards,[7] Ofelia slowly intensified.[8] Midday on July 26, the storm attained its peak intensity of 80 km/h (50 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 994 mbar (29.4 inHg). On the next day, the storm made landfall over Kyushu about 60 km (35 mi) east-southeast of Kagoshima[7] at peak intensity. Overland, the storm weakened to a tropical depression later on July 27.[6] After moving across southern Japan, Ofelia recurved northeastwards and became an extratropical cyclone over the Sea of Japan on July 28.[7] The JTWC ceased tracking the system that morning, with the JTWC doing the same a day later.[6]

Impact

Under the anticipation of landfall over Kyushu, weather alerts were issued for Kyushu and western Honshu, where rains up to 150 mm (5 in) expected.[9] The cyclone, in conjunction with Tropical Storm Nathan before it and Tropical Storm Percy after it, dropped heavy rainfall across southern portions of the Japanese archipelago across late July and early August 1993.[10][11][12] A total of 1,282 mm (50.5 in) fell in Ebino; this was the highest rainfall recorded throughout the passage of the three systems combined.[13] A peak hourly rainfall total of 82 mm (3.2 in) was observed by Lake Miike.[14] Meanwhile, a peak daily precipitation total of 637 mm (25.1 in) fell in Asahimaru.[15] A wind gust of 98 km/h (61 mph) was recorded in Kinugasayama.[16] Nation-wide, damage amounted to 21.9 billion yen (US$197 million).[17][18][19][20][21] Thirteen people were killed by Ofelia.[17][22][23][24]

Across Tokushima Prefecture, 44 homes and 487 roads were damaged while 25 other homes were destroyed. A total of 2,309 ha (5,710 acres) of cops were damaged. Monetary damage there was assessed at 9.82 billion yen. Three people were killed in a landslide near Mount Tsurugi.[17] Across Kochi Prefecture, 142 homes were damaged and an additional 452 were destroyed. Moreover, 622 roads were damaged. Heavy rains contributed to flooding that overflowed rivers in Kochi, Kagami, and Yusuhara, destroying some homes. Throughout the prefecture, three people were killed and another was injured.[22] Two homes were damaged in Kagawa Prefecture.[25] Ofelia dropped heavy rains across Ehime Prefecture for a 36 hour period, resulting in 17 landslides. As a result of the rainfall, 11 trains were delayed and 16 flights were cancelled. Throughout the prefecture, 119 houses were damaged and 10 others were destroyed. Damage totaled 2.87 billion, which was primarily from crops.[18] Four homes were damaged and one was destroyed in Miyazaki Prefecture.[26] Heavy rains from Ofelia, Percy, and Nathan caused Nagasaki City to have the their wettest July on record.[27] Three homes were damaged and another was destroyed in Nagasaki Prefecture.[28]

In Oita Prefecture, a landslide triggered by the rain crushed a home in Honyabakei, burying an 87-year old, 57-year-old and 10-year-old.[23] All of the buried were found, two of whom had already perished and another later died in a hospital.[29] Throughout the prefecture, six roads were damaged and there were twenty landslides.[30] Due to a combination of Ofelia and Percy, two homes were damaged in Osaka Prefecture.[31] Twelve homes were damaged in Hyogo Prefecture.[32] Damage in Okayama Prefecture amounted to 789 million yen.[19] Across Hiroshima Prefecture, 18,060 households lost power after 934 power lines were downed while 713 homes were damaged and 54 were destroyed. A total of 22 railtracks and 1,165 roads were damaged. Three people were wounded, including two after a home collapsed. Damage in the prefecture amounted to 8.11 billion yen.[20] Six trains and some road traffic was halted in Yamaguchi Prefecture, located on the western tip of the Honshu.[33] There, four people were killed, including a middle school student who drowned in floodwaters and a 49-year-old that was initially rendered missing, and eight others sustained injuries, three of whom in a tent in Tokuyama. Moreover, 1,312 homes were damaged and 84 others were destroyed; most of the damage and destroyed homes occurred in Ube.[24] Across Shimane Prefecture, 230 homes were damaged and crop damage was estimated at 307 million yen.[21] Due to a combination of Ofelia and Percy, eight homes were damaged in Hokkaido Prefecture.[34]

gollark: haskellyoualearn
gollark: ***OR CAN WE***
gollark: Yes, of course it broke, out of memooory.
gollark: Lazy evaluation cannot save you now!
gollark: <@218047149512982531> `exec`

See also

Notes
  1. All currencies are converted from Japanese yen to United States Dollars using this with an exchange rate of the year 1992.
  2. All damage totals are in 1992 values of their respective currencies.
  3. The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[3]
  4. Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10‑minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1‑minute winds.[4]

References
  1. Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1994). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1992 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  2. Japan Meteorological Agency (October 10, 1992). RSMC Best Track Data – 1990–1999 (.TXT) (Report). Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  3. "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  4. Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (April 26, 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  5. Old PAGASA Names: List of names for tropical cyclones occurring within the Philippine Area of Responsibility 1991–2000. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Report). Typhoon 2000. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  6. Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1993 Severe Tropical Storm OFELIA (1993205N15137). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  7. Hong Kong Observatory (1994). "Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries". Meteorological Results: 1993 (PDF). Meteorological Results (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 14. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  8. Typhoon 11W Best Track (TXT) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 17, 2002. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  9. "Another typhoon may hit Kyushu on Tuesday". Japan Economic Newswire. July 26, 1993.
  10. Asanobu, Kitamoto. Typhoon 199305 (Ofelia). Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  11. Asanobu, Kitamoto. Typhoon 199306 (Percy). Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  12. Asanobu, Kitamoto. Typhoon 199304 (Nathan). Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  13. Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS EBINO (87346) @ Typhoon 199306. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  14. Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS KIRISHIMAMIIKE (87386) @ Typhoon 199306. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  15. Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS ASAHIMARU (71151) @ Typhoon 199306. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  16. Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS KINUGASAYAMA (84516) @ Typhoon 199306. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  17. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-895-06. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  18. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-887-15. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  19. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-768-09. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  20. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-765-12. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  21. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-741-08. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  22. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-893-06. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  23. "Three killed in typhoon-triggered avalanche of rocks and earth". Agence France Presse. July 28, 1993.
  24. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-762-04. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  25. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-891-05. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  26. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-830-09. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  27. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-830-10. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  28. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-817-18. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  29. "Three people killed in avalanche of rocks and earth". Japanese Economic Newswire. July 28, 1993.
  30. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-815-09. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  31. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-772-10. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  32. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-770-10. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  33. "Weak typhoon to bring downpours in west, north". Japan Economic Newswire. July 27, 1993.
  34. Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1993-430-03. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
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