Trichoderma viride

Trichoderma viride is a fungus and a biofungicide.

Trichoderma viride
Trichoderma viride conidiophores
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Hypocreaceae
Genus: Trichoderma
Species:
T. viride
Binomial name
Trichoderma viride
Pers., (1794)
Synonyms

Hypocrea contorta (Schwein.) Berk. & M.A. Curtis, (1875)
Hypocrea rufa (Pers.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., (1849)
Hypocrea rufa f. sterilis Rifai & J. Webster, (1966)
Hypocrea rufa var. rufa (Pers.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., (1849)
Pyrenium lignorum Tode, (1790)
Sphaeria contorta Schwein., (1832)
Sphaeria rufa Pers., (1796)
Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz, (1871)

It is used for seed and soil treatment for suppression of various diseases caused by fungal pathogens.

Biology

T. viride is a mold which produces spores asexually, by mitosis. It is the anamorph of Hypocrea rufa, its teleomorph, which is the sexual reproductive stage of the fungus and produces a typical fungal fruiting body.[1] The mycelium of T. viride can produce a variety of enzymes, including cellulases and chitinases which can degrade cellulose and chitin respectively. The mould can grow directly on wood, which is mostly composed of cellulose, and on fungi, the cell walls of which are mainly composed of chitin. It parasitizes the mycelia and fruiting bodies of other fungi, including cultivated mushrooms, and it has been called the "green mould disease of mushrooms". The affected mushrooms are distorted and unattractive in appearance and the crop is reduced.[2] Trichoderma viride is the causal agent of green mold rot of onion. A strain of Trichoderma viride is a known cause of dieback of Pinus nigra seedlings.[3]

Uses

The fungicidal activity makes T. viride useful as a biological control against plant pathogenic fungi. It has been shown to provide protection against such pathogens as Rhizoctonia, Pythium and even Armillaria.[2] It is found naturally in soil and is effective as a seed dressing in the control of seed and soil-borne diseases including Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium species. When it is applied at the same time as the seed, it colonizes the seed surface and kills not only the pathogens present on the cuticle, but also provides protection against soil-borne pathogens.[4]

A closely related species, Trichoderma reesei, is used in the creation of stonewashed jeans.[5] The cellulase produced by the fungus partially degrade the cotton material in places, making it soft and causing the jeans to look as if they had been washed using stones.[2]

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References
  1. Jaklitsch, Walter M.; Samuels, Gary J.; Dodd, Sarah L.; Lu, Bing-Sheng; Druzhinina, Irina S. (2006). "Hypocrea rufa/Trichoderma viride: a reassessment, and description of five closely related species with and without warted conidia". Studies in Mycology. 56: 135–177. doi:10.3114/sim.2006.56.04. PMC 2104735. PMID 18490991.
  2. Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month
  3. Li Destri Nicosia, M. G.; Mosca, S.; Mercurio, R.; Schena, L. (2015). "Dieback of Pinus nigra Seedlings Caused by a Strain of Trichoderma viride". Plant Disease. 99 (1): 44–49. doi:10.1094/PDIS-04-14-0433-RE.
  4. Neem Products
  5. Heikinheimo, L., Buchert, J., Miettinen-Oinonen, A., & Suominen, P. (2000). Treating Denim Fabrics with Trichoderma Reesei Cellulases. Textile Research Journal, 70(11), 969–973. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051750007001106
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