Tremovirus

Tremovirus, also known epidemic tremor, is a virus genus belonging to the Picornaviridae family.[2] The genus has two species, Tremovirus A, which is also called Avian encephalomyelitis virus, and Tremovirus B. The first avian picornavirus to have its genome sequenced,[3] it causes epidemic tremor in chickens.

Tremovirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Tremovirus
Synonyms[1]
  • Avian encephalomyelitis virus

Tremovirus is of economic importance to chicken farmers because it causes a drop in egg production in laying hens, and neurological diseases in chicks less than three weeks old.

The domestic host is the chicken, but it can also infect partridge, turkeys, quail, guineafowl, and pheasants. It has a worldwide distribution.[4]

The virus can be spread by both vertical and horizontal transmission. It is not a zoonosis, meaning that it cannot be transmitted to humans.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Neurological signs such as ataxia, tremor of the head and neck, drooping wings, weakness, paralysis, exercise intolerance and blindness are seen in chicks less than 3 weeks old. In laying hens the disease causes a temporary reduction in egg production.

Antibodies can be detected using an ELISA or virus neutralisation. Definitive diagnosis of the disease is by histopathology or virus isolation.[5]

Treatment and control

Currently, no treatment is available, but chicks that survive infection are immune. Control is achieved by vaccination of the flock. The vaccine can be administered via inoculation of the wing web, by drinking water or eyedrops, though eyedrop administration is much more effective. Mortality ranges from 25–60% and surviving animals are considered nonprofitable.

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References
  1. Knowles, Nick (7 July 2014). "Rename 12 picornavirus species" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  2. Marvil, P; Knowles, NJ; Mockett, AP; Britton, P; Brown, TD; Cavanagh, D (1999). "Avian encephalomyelitis virus is a picornavirus and is most closely related to hepatitis A virus". J Gen Virol. 80 ( Pt 3): 653–62. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-80-3-653. PMID 10092005.
  3. Avian encephalomyelitis virus Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine at Picornaviridae.com (retrieved September 14, 2011
  4. The Picornavirus Avian Encephalomyelitis Virus Possesses a Hepatitis C Virus-Like Internal Ribosome, Journal of Virology, February 2008, p. 1993–2003, Vol. 82, No. 4, by Mehran Bakhshesh, Elisabetta Groppelli, Margaret M. Willcocks, Elizabeth Royall, Graham J. Belsham, and Lisa O. Roberts
  5. Avian Encephalomyelitis expert reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 10 October 2011.
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