Transit (ship)
Transit was the name given to three sailing vessels designed and built to the order of Captain Richard Hall Gower.
All three had fine lines at bow and stern, uniform frames mid-ships with concave and convex sweeps and a deep keel. Their length to beam ratio was unusually high, giving them a remarkable turn of speed. The foremast was square rigged while the other three or four masts were fore-and-aft rigged, barquentine fashion but carrying very simplified standing and running rigging. Each sail was equipped with a horizontal sprit that enabled it to be brailed up to its mast and deployed rapidly. Each mast carried three sails. The topmasts could be lowered and replaced from the deck, in the event the sprits were to fail in strong gales and had to be abandoned. The Patent granted to Gower in 1799 details his theory about the relationship between speed and the length to beam ratio, as well as details of many features of his novel form of rigging, which allowed almost all activities normally conducted aloft to be performed from the deck (including the replacement of damaged masts) ; thus only the foremast was fitted with ratlines.
At the instance of John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, the First Lord of the Admiralty, the first Transit was sailed against HMS Osprey in 1801. Osprey was a fast sloop of 383 tons (about twice the tonnage of Transit). Built at Northfleet like a French corvette, with an 80 ft 6 in (24.5 m) keel, she had the reputation of being very fast. Her length to beam ratio (at waterline) was probably less than 3:1. Transit with a length of 130 feet (39.6 m) and a length to beam ratio of 6.5:1 performed so well as to have been acknowledged the winner by the captain of Osprey. Despite this success Gower failed to get the support he needed to build a class of vessels to his patents.
The reasons given for the rejection of Gower's proposal included the observation that because of her deep keel she would fall over at low tide in many of the east coast ports from which she might have to operate and that the deck was so narrow that guns could not be arranged symmetrically on each side for fear of their recoil causing them to collide. By coincidence, but apparently unbeknownst to Gower, the very gun that he would have needed, the carronade, a short barrelled gun mounted on a slide fixed to the deck, was adopted by the Royal Navy less than a year before the test of Transit.
Gower wrote detailed and vivid accounts of the vessels and his experiences with the authorities. George Bayley, owner of the yard that built two of the Transits also gave an account of the vessels. Macgregor gives a description and illustration of the first Transit.
References
- Gower, R. H. (1799). Building and Rigging Ships; A system of naval architecture and rigging of vessels, upon a new and improved plan. Petty Bag, Clerk’s Copy. in Chaplin (1933).
- Gower, R. H. (1799). Patent No. 2350. 1799 (engraved on stone by Malby & Sons, printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode 1856), Mitchell Library, Glasgow.
- Gower, R. H. (1793). A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Seamanship 1st ed. (2nd ed. 1796, 3rd ed. Wilkie & Robinson, 1808). A separate Supplement contains Original observations on Marine Surveying and a description of Transit 1807. Science Museum Library Cat. No. 629.12.
- Gower, R. H. (1799). Building and Rigging Ships; A system of naval architecture and rigging of vessels, upon a new and improved plan. Patent No. 2350. 1799 (engraved on stone by Malby & Sons, printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode 1856), Mitchell Library, Glasgow.
- Gower, R. H. (1811). A Narrative of the Mode Pursued by the British Government to Effect Improvements in Naval Architecture
- Bayley, G. (1829). Letters to the Editor from St Peter’s Ship Yard, Ipswich. Mechanic’s Magazine. Vol.9, No. 285, pp. 247 and Vol.10, No. 286,
- Gower, R. H. (1834). Original Observations regarding the inability of ships to perform their duty with promptitude and safety, with suggestions for their improvement as practised on board the Transit etc. S. Piper, Albion Press, Ipswich. Ch. VII.
- Gower, R. H. (?) Miscellaneous Tracts. NMM Ref. L64/159 pp. 99–102.
- Chaplin, W. R. (1933). The Four-Masted Ship Transit, Mariner’s Mirror, Vol. 19, pp. 312–326.
- MacGregor, D. R. (1973). Fast Sailing Ships: Their Design and Construction. Nautical Publishing, Lymington, Hants. p. 50
Plans of Transit vessels at The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England.
- ZAZ 6160. 1808, a vessel of 129’ 7" length, 22’ 6" beam (extreme), 22’ (moulded) inscribed "to be sent to Mr Bayley, Ipswich".
- ZAZ 6161. 1808, a vessel of 130’ length with the same breadths as ZAZ 6160 "dimensions as stated by Mr Gower".
- ZAZ 6162. 1810, a vessel of 112’ 5" length, 21’ 10" extreme, 21’ 4" moulded; titled "Transit Advice Cutter as fitted 1809" and inscribed "Deptford Yard 20th March 1810".
- ZAZ 6163. (Undated) A midship bend initialled by R. H. Gower.
