Toxopneustes elegans

Toxopneustes elegans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Echinodermata
Class:	Echinoidea
Superorder:	Echinacea
Order:	Camarodonta
Infraorder:	Temnopleuridea
Family:	Toxopneustidae
Genus:	Toxopneustes
Species:	T. elegans
Binomial name
	Toxopneustes elegans; Döderlein, 1885
	Estimated range

Toxopneustes elegans is a species of sea urchin endemic to Japan. Like the closely related flower urchin, they are venomous.

Taxonomy

Toxopneustes elegans is one of the four species in the genus Toxopneustes. It was first described by the German zoologist Ludwig Heinrich Philipp Döderlein in 1885.[1] The generic name Toxopneustes literally means "poison breath", derived from Greek τοξικόν [φάρμακον] (toksikón [phármakon], "arrow [poison]") and πνευστος (pneustos, "breath"). The specific name elegans means "elegant" in Latin.

It has no English common name, but it is known as kurosuji-rappa-uni (クロスジラッパウニ) in Japanese (literally "black streaked flower urchin").[2]

Description

Toxopneustes elegans resemble the more common flower urchins, but they are smaller, reaching a maximum diameter of only 10 cm (4 in). They also have smaller pedicellariae, though they are still characteristically flower-like in appearance. The most distinctive feature of the species, however, are the prominent black bands just below the tip of each of the short spines.[3]

Distribution

Toxopneustes elegans is endemic to Japan.[4] They can be found from Sagami Bay in Honshu to the waters around the Amami Islands and Okinawa. They inhabit coral reefs, coral rubble, rocks, sand, and seagrass beds at depths of 2 to 20 m (7 to 66 ft) from the water's surface.[3][4]

Venom

Like other members of the genus, Toxopneustes elegans is venomous. The flower-like pedicellariae can deliver a painful sting if touched.[5]

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References

Andreas Kroh (2014). Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). "Toxopneustes elegans Döderlein, 1885". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
Katsumi Suzuki & Masatsune Takeda (1974). "On a parthenopid crab, Zebrida adamsii on the sea urchins from Suruga Bay, with a special reference to their parasitic relations" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Science Museum. 17 (4): 286–296.
りかわ (July 16, 2014). クロスジラッパウニ (in Japanese). 海洋生物図鑑（仮）. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
The Echinoid Directory. "Toxopneustes L. Agassiz, 1841, p. 7". Natural History Museum. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
Richard A. Clinchy, III (1996). Dive First Responder. Mobsy Lifeline. p. 35. ISBN 9780801675256.

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[worms-1] Andreas Kroh (2014). Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). "Toxopneustes elegans Döderlein, 1885". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved November 25, 2014.

[suzuki-2] Katsumi Suzuki & Masatsune Takeda (1974). "On a parthenopid crab, Zebrida adamsii on the sea urchins from Suruga Bay, with a special reference to their parasitic relations" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Science Museum. 17 (4): 286–296.

[featherstars-3] りかわ (July 16, 2014). クロスジラッパウニ (in Japanese). 海洋生物図鑑（仮）. Retrieved November 25, 2014.

[nhm-4] The Echinoid Directory. "Toxopneustes L. Agassiz, 1841, p. 7". Natural History Museum. Retrieved November 25, 2014.

[clinchy-5] Richard A. Clinchy, III (1996). Dive First Responder. Mobsy Lifeline. p. 35. ISBN 9780801675256.