Tom Van Flandern

Thomas C Van Flandern (June 26, 1940 – January 9, 2009) was an American astronomer and author specializing in celestial mechanics. Van Flandern had a career as a professional scientist, but was noted as an outspoken proponent of certain fringe views in astronomy, physics, and extra-terrestrial life. He also published the non-mainstream Meta Research Bulletin.

Thomas C Van Flandern
Thomas Van Flandern in 2007
Born(1940-06-26)June 26, 1940
Cleveland, Ohio
DiedJanuary 9, 2009(2009-01-09) (aged 68)
Seattle, Washington[1]
NationalityAmerican
Alma materYale University, Xavier University
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy and fringe-science
InstitutionsU.S. Naval Observatory, Meta Research

Biography
Van Flandern mentioned in historical marker about Project Moonwatch. Placed by Cincinnati Astronomical Society and the city of Cincinnati, OH

Tom Van Flandern was the first child of Robert F. Van Flandern, a police officer, and Anna Mary Haley. His father left the family when Tom was 5.[2] His mother died when he was 16; he and his siblings then lived with their grandmother, Margery Jobe, until he went to college.[2] He graduated from Saint Ignatius High School in Cleveland. While there, he helped start the Cleveland branch of Operation Moonwatch, an amateur science program initiated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to track satellites.[3][4] He also helped found a Moonwatchers team while studying at Xavier University[5]; this team broke a tracking record in 1961.[6][7]

Van Flandern graduated from Xavier University with a B.S. in mathematics (cum laude) in 1962 and was awarded a teaching fellowship at Georgetown University.[8][2] He attended Yale University on a scholarship sponsored by the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO), joining USNO in 1963.[9] In 1969, he received a Ph.D. in astronomy from Yale after completing his dissertation on lunar occultations.

Van Flandern worked at the USNO until 1983,[10][11] first becoming Chief of the Research Branch[12] and later becoming Chief of the Celestial Mechanics Branch of the Nautical Almanac Office.[13][14][15] His espousal of highly non-mainstream beliefs, particularly the exploded planet hypothesis, eventually led to his separation from the USNO. He later said, "This forced me to the 'fringes,' areas of astronomy not accepted as credible by experts of the field".[16]

Following his separation from the USNO, Van Flandern started a business organizing eclipse viewing expeditions, and promoting his non-mainstream views in a newsletter and web site. Shortly after his death in 2009, the asteroid 52266 Van Flandern was named in his honor because of his prediction and analysis of lunar occultations at the U.S. Naval Observatory and publications of papers on the dynamics of binary minor planets.[17]

He married Barbara Ann Weber (1942-2018) in 1963 in Kentucky, and they had 3 sons, Michael, Brian, and Kevin, and a daughter, Connie. The couple moved to Sequim, Washington from the East Coast in 2005 to be closer to their children and grandchildren.[2][18]

Tom Van Flandern died of colon cancer in Seattle, Washington.[19]

Mainstream scientific work

During the mid-1970s, Van Flandern believed that lunar observations gave evidence of variation in Newton's gravitational constant (G), consistent with a speculative idea that had been put forward by Paul Dirac. In 1974, his essay "A Determination of the Rate of Change of G" was awarded second place by the Gravity Research Foundation.[20][21] However, in later years, with new data available, Van Flandern himself admitted his findings were flawed, and the conclusions were contradicted by more accurate findings based on radio measurements with the Viking landers.[22][23]

Van Flandern and Henry Fliegel developed a compact algorithm to calculate a Julian date from a Gregorian date that would fit on a single IBM card. They described this in a letter to the editor of a computing magazine in 1968.[24] This was available for use in business applications.[2]

With Kenneth Pulkkinen, he published "Low precision formulae for planetary positions", in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement in 1979.[25] The paper set a record for the number of reprints requested from that journal.[2]

Non-mainstream science and beliefs

Van Flandern described in his book[26] how he had become increasingly dissatisfied with the mainstream view of science by the early 1980s. He wrote

Events in my life caused me to start questioning my goals and the correctness of everything I had learned. In matters of religion, medicine, biology, physics, and other fields, I came to discover that reality differed seriously from what I had been taught.

In his book, on blogs, lectures, newsletter and web site, Van Flandern focused on problems in cosmology and physics. He alleged that when experimental evidence is incompatible with mainstream scientific theories, mainstream scientists refuse to acknowledge this to avoid jeopardizing their funding.[2]

Minor-planet satellites

Following claims by David Dunham in 1978 to have detected satellites for some asteroids (notably 532 Herculina) by examining the light patterns during stellar occultations,[27] Van Flandern and others began to report similar observations.[28]

Exploding Planets

In 1976, while Van Flandern was employed by the USNO, he began to promote the belief that major planets sometimes explode.[29] Van Flandern also speculated that the origin of the human species may well have been on the planet Mars, which he believed was once a moon of a now-exploded "Planet V".

Le Sage's theory of gravitation and the speed of gravity

Van Flandern supported Georges-Louis Le Sage's theory of gravitation, according to which gravity is the result of a flux of invisible "ultra-mundane corpuscles" impinging on all objects from all directions at superluminal speeds. He gave public lectures in which he claimed that these particles could be used as a limitless source of free energy, and to provide superluminal propulsion for spacecraft.[30][31]

In 1998 Van Flandern wrote a paper[32] asserting that astronomical observations imply that gravity propagates at least twenty billion times faster than light, or even infinitely fast. Gerald E. Marsh, Charles Nissim-Sabat and Steve Carlip demonstrated that Van Flandern's argument was fallacious.[33][34]

Face on Mars

Van Flandern was a prominent advocate of the belief that certain geological features seen on Mars, especially the "face at Cydonia", are not of natural origin, but were produced by intelligent extra-terrestrial life, probably the inhabitants of a major planet once located where the asteroid belt presently exists, and which Van Flandern believed had exploded 3.2 million years ago.[35] The claimed artificiality of the "face" was also the topic of a chapter of his 1993 book.[36]

The "Face" is an optical illusion, an example of pareidolia, and theories that it was an artificial artifact were derided by skeptics and science educators as pseudoscience.[37][38] After analysis of the higher resolution Mars Global Surveyor data NASA stated that "a detailed analysis of multiple images of this feature reveals a natural looking Martian hill whose illusory face-like appearance depends on the viewing angle and angle of illumination".[39]

Rejection of Big Bang Cosmology

Van Flandern was a vocal opponent of the Big Bang model in cosmology, and supported instead a static universe. In 2008 he was an organizer of a conference of individuals who oppose the Big Bang cosmological models.[40][2]

gollark: It will have no tooling issues as it has no tooling.
gollark: osmarkslisp™ could be used instead.
gollark: You DEFINITELY don't have secret compressors which achieve ratios of 20 on all data.
gollark: Suuuuure.
gollark: This isn't very pertinent. They're just saying they're ignoring such possibilities in favour of nearer-term things they're worried about.

References
  1. Obituary
  2. David Dunham (KinetX, Inc.); Victor Slabinski (U.S. Naval Observatory) (2011). "BAAS Obituary".
  3. Cleveland Plain Dealer October 8, 1957 "Moonwatch Team Here Gets Set" page 5
  4. The Pharos-Tribune and Logansport Press August 9, 1959 "Still Keeping Watch" Logansport, IN page 19
  5. Xavier University News November 5, 1960 Mike Rogers "Satellite Spies Situate Tracking Station on Logan" page 1
  6. Kingsport News May 17, 1961 "Reports Activity" page 10
  7. The Anderson Herald May 17, 1961 "Cincy Moonwatchers Report on Satellites" page 2
  8. Xavier University News May 4, 1962 "Tom Van Flandern Given Fellowship" page 9
  9. T. S. Baskett (1963). "U.S. Naval Observatory Report". Astronomical Journal. 68 (9): 672, 674. Bibcode:1963AJ.....68..649M. doi:10.1086/109195.
  10. Gart Westerhout; Charles K. Roberts (1984). "U.S. Naval Observatory Report". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 17: 457. Bibcode:1985BAAS...17..457.
  11. ""Meta" Researcher Champions New Funding Sources for Independent Science". APS News. 5 (4). April 1996.
  12. USNO Staff Directory for Nautical Almanac Office, December 1976
  13. Colin Keay (September 1993). "Another Revolution in Physics. Maybe?". Australian & New Zealand Physicist. 30 (9): 230.
  14. van Flandern T. C. (1979). "Gravitation and the expansion of the Earth". Nature. 278 (5707): 821. Bibcode:1979Natur.278..821V. doi:10.1038/278821a0.
  15. USNO Staff Directory for Nautical Almanac Office, November 1977
  16. Gonzo Science, Jim Richardson, Alan Richardson, p. 62, 2004.
  17. "52266 Van Flandern (1986 AD)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  18. Barbara Ann (Weber) Flandern, Peninsula Daily News, Legacy.Com
  19. "Obituary". Sequim Gazette. January 21, 2009.
  20. "Award winners". Gravity Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
  21. Tom Van Flandern (1974). "A Determination of the Rate of Change of G" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-01.
  22. Clifford Will (1993). Was Einstein Right?: putting general relativity to the test (2nd ed.). Basic Books. p. 175–. ISBN 0-465-09086-9.
  23. Dark Matter, Missing Planets, New Comets, Van Flandern 1993.
  24. Fliegel, Henry; Thomas C. Van Flanderen (October 1968). "Letters to the editor: a machine algorithm for processing calendar dates". Communications of the ACM. ACM. 11 (10): 657. doi:10.1145/364096.364097.
  25. Van Flandern, T. C. & Pulkkinen, K. F. (1979). "Low-Precision Formulae for Planetary Positions". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 41 (3): 391–411. Bibcode:1979ApJS...41..391V. doi:10.1086/190623.
  26. "Dark Matter, Missing Planets, New Comets", Van Flandern (1993)
  27. Dunham, David W. (December 1978). "Satellite of Minor Planet 532 Herculina Discovered During Occultation". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 6: 13–14. Bibcode:1978MPBu....6...13D.
  28. Van Flandern, T. C., Tedesco, E. F. & Binzel, R. P. in Asteroids (ed. Gehrels, T.) 443–465 (Univ. Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1979).
  29. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-07. Retrieved 2013-06-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) According to Van Flandern's article on the Exploded Planet Hypothesis "The third planetary explosion mechanism relies on one other hypothesis not yet widely accepted, but holds out the potential for an indefinitely large reservoir of energy for exploding even massive planets and stars. If gravitational fields are continually regenerated, as in LeSage particle models of gravity [xvi], then all masses are continually absorbing energy from this universal flux."
  30. Jeffery D. Kooistra (July–August 1999). "Conference on Future Energy". Magazine (26). An editor gave a summary of Van Flandern's talk at the Infinite Energy conference and wrote "Van Flandern gave a talk entitled 'On a Complete Theory of Gravity and Free Energy'. For the free energy enthusiast, the implications of gravity being particulate and perhaps blockable are obvious. Block or deflect the c-gravitons raining down from the sky and up you go into space. Turn off the blocking shield and recover the energy you've gained, for free, as you fall back to Earth."
  31. "Dr. Thomas Van Flandern – MUFON-LA (1 of 1)". youtube.
  32. Van Flandern, T (1998). "The speed of gravity ? What the experiments say". Physics Letters A. 250 (1–3): 1–11. Bibcode:1998PhLA..250....1V. doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(98)00650-1.
  33. Marsh, Gerald E; Nissim-Sabat, Charles (1999). "Comment on "The speed of gravity"". Physics Letters A. 262 (2–3): 257. Bibcode:1999PhLA..262..257M. doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(99)00675-1.
  34. Carlip, S (2000). "Aberration and the Speed of Gravity". Phys. Lett. A. 267 (2–3): 81–87. arXiv:gr-qc/9909087. Bibcode:2000PhLA..267...81C. doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(00)00101-8.
  35. "Proof that the Cydonia Face on Mars is Artificial". Metaresearch.org. Archived from the original on 2002-11-23.
  36. Tom Van Flandern (1993). Dark Matter, Missing Planets and New Comets: Paradoxes Resolved, Origins Illuminated. chapter 24. New Evidence for Artificiality at Cydonia on Mars: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-268-2.CS1 maint: location (link)
  37. Britt, R.R. (March 18, 2004). "Scientist attacks alien claims on Mars". CNN. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  38. "Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20.
  39. "The Face on Mars, Viking Project". NASA website. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  40. http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/article/20080911/NEWS/809110302
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