Task-negative

In neuroscience, a task-negative (TN) mode, also known as the default mode network, is inversely correlated to the task-positive mode.[1] Its main function is to reorient attention towards salient stimuli. TN is considered to be involved mostly, if not entirely, in involuntary actions. The neural network is right hemisphere lateralized and includes the right temporal-parietal junction and the right ventral frontal cortex.[2] This system shows activity increases upon detection of salient targets, especially when they appear in unexpected locations.[3][4][5][6][7] Activity increases also are observed in the ventral system after abrupt changes in sensory stimuli,[8] at the onset and offset of task blocks,[9] and at the end of a completed trial.[10]

Role in disease

Studies have reported a hyper-connectivity of TN brain regions in depression during rest.[11][12]

gollark: If it's nonjokingly we should maybe not do that then.
gollark: When did we actually *incite* violence?
gollark: It turns out that they are, but luckily I can't punch very hard.
gollark: Well, I punched a wall yesterday to test if walls were very solid here.
gollark: Indeed.

See also

References
  1. Spreng, R. Nathan (2012). "The Fallacy of a "Task-Negative" Network". Frontiers in Psychology. 3: 145. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00145. PMC 3349953. PMID 22593750.
  2. Fox, M.D.; Corbetta, M.; Snyder, A.Z.; Vincent, J.L.; Raichle, M.E. (2006). "Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems". PNAS. 103 (26): 10046–10051. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604187103. PMC 1480402. PMID 16788060.
  3. Posner, M. I.; Petersen, S. E. (1990). "The Attention System Of The Human Brain". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 13: 25–42. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325. PMID 2183676.
  4. Corbetta, M.; Kincade, J. M.; Ollinger, J. M.; McAvoy, M. P.; Shulman, G. L. (2000). "Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex". Nature Neuroscience. 3 (3): 292–297. doi:10.1038/73009. PMID 10700263.
  5. Astafiev, S. V.; Shulman, G. I.; Stanley, C. M.; Snyder, A. Z.; Van Essen, D. C.; Corbetta, M. (2003). "Functional organization of human intraparietal and frontal cortex for attending, looking, and pointing". Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (11): 4689–4699. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04689.2003. PMC 6740811. PMID 12805308.
  6. Astafiev, S. V.; Stanley, C. M.; Shulman, G. L.; Corbetta, M. (2004). "Extrastriate body area in human occipital cortex responds to the performance of motor actions". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (5): 542–548. doi:10.1038/nn1241. PMID 15107859.
  7. Kincade, J. M.; Abrams, R. A.; Astafiev, S. V.; Shulman, G. I.; Corbetta, M. (2005). "An Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Voluntary and Stimulus-Driven Orienting of Attention". Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (18): 4593–4604. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0236-05.2005. PMC 6725019. PMID 15872107.
  8. Downar, J.; Crawley, A. P.; Mikulis, D. J.; Davis, K. D. (2000). "A multimodal cortical network for the detection of changes in the sensory environment". Nature Neuroscience. 3 (3): 277–283. doi:10.1038/72991. PMID 10700261.
  9. Fox, M. D.; Snyder, A. Z.; Barch, D. M.; Gusnard, D. A.; Raichle, M. E. (2005). "Transient BOLD responses at block transitions". NeuroImage. 28 (4): 956–966. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.025. PMID 16043368.
  10. Shulman, G. I.; Tansy, A. P.; Kincade, M.; Petersen, S. E.; McAvoy, M. P.; Corbetta, M. (2002). "Reactivation of Networks Involved in Preparatory States". Cerebral Cortex. 12 (6): 590–600. doi:10.1093/cercor/12.6.590. PMID 12003859.
  11. Zhou, Yuan; Yu, Chunshui; Zheng, Hua; Liu, Yong; Song, Ming; Qin, Wen; Li, Kuncheng; Jiang, Tianzi (2010). "Increased neural resources recruitment in the intrinsic organization in major depression". Journal of Affective Disorders. 121 (3): 220–230. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.029. PMID 19541369.
  12. Berman, M. G.; Peltier, S.; Nee, D. E.; Kross, E.; Deldin, P. J.; Jonides, J. (19 September 2010). "Depression, rumination and the default network". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 6 (5): 548–555. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq080. PMC 3190207. PMID 20855296.
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