Tarrafal camp

Tarrafal (also known as Campo da Morte Lenta in Portuguese ["Camp of the Slow Death"]) was a concentration camp in the Portuguese colony of Cape Verde. The penal colony was established by the Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. It housed opponents to Portugal's right-wing authoritarian regime. Due to the harsh conditions, at least 32 political prisoners died in the camp.

For the parish in the island of Santiago, see Tarrafal, Cape Verde. For the parish in the island of São Nicolau, see Tarrafal (São Nicolau).
Tarrafal camp
Entrance to Tarrafal Prison
LocationChão Bom, Santiago, Cape Verde
Coordinates15.264355°N 23.744073°W / 15.264355; -23.744073
StatusClosed
Security classMaximum
Capacity4,000
Opened1936
Closed25 April 1974
Former nameCampo da Morte Lenta
(Camp of the Slow Death)
Managed by Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado
CountryColonial Cape Verde

History

By 1932 Salazar had become Portugal's Prime Minister (primeiro-ministro). After consolidating his power, he declared the Estado Novo ("New State") in 1933. It was a government modeled on the Fascist State in Italy ruled by Benito Mussolini. Trade unions and political parties were banned (except for Salazar's own National Union). In response, many left-wing organizations began campaigns against the right-wing regime. Arrests soon led to a rise in Portugal's prison population.

Against this backdrop, the Estado Novo, under the guise of reorganization of the country's prisons, decided to build an overseas penal colony for exiling political opponents. Several locations throughout the Portuguese colonies were considered. Eventually, Chão Bom (which means good earth and soil) was chosen on Santiago Island in the Cape Verde archipelago. The site was approved because it was best suited to "hygiene, surveillance, and natural resources"; all ideal properties that a prison colony should have according to Portuguese penal experts.

Ideologically Tarrafal was created for two purposes. First, it would be used to remove and isolate political prisoners who disrupted mainland goals through protests and sit-ins. Second, the camp would have harsh conditions in order to send a clear message to the opposition in Portugal that Salazar's authoritarian regime would not tolerate any kind of political dissent. These objectives were clearly defined in the opening paragraphs of Decree-Law No. 26539 (Decreto-Lei n.º 26 539), the law that was enacted to build the Tarrafal Prison. It stated that the camp - which would be under the control of the PVDE (Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado: Portugal's Secret Police) - was only for the exiling of political and social prisoners who had disrupted other prisons and were considered a "harmful element" to other inmates.[1]

However, the law was eventually extended to include anyone who committed a crime for political purposes, was on remand for political crimes, or had been arrested for a political crime.

First period

On 18 October 1936, the first ship set sail from Lisbon carrying 152 political prisoners. While en route the basic camp was completed on 29 October 1936. Among the first group of inmates were trade unionists and anarchists who had taken over Marinha Grande on 18 January 1934 in protest against the Estado Novo regime. The bloodless coup was put down harshly by the right-wing government. António Guerra, who led the occupation of the Marinha Grande Post Office was sentenced to 20 years in exile; he died in Tarrafal in 1948. Other prisoners included sailors from two Portuguese naval vessels, the Afonso de Albuquerque and the Dão, that mutinied on 8 September 1936 where 10 sailors died.

In the first two years of the camp, prisoners slept in canvas tents that lacked electricity and ventilation. Old fuel cans were used to bring in brackish water from a source about 2km away from the camp. Due to the heavy and prolonged rainy season in Cape Verde, the tents rotted, forcing prisoners to sleep in makeshift shelters. Malaria was also prevalent.

By 1940 the camp had been rebuilt in brick. The enlarged site, which could accommodate up to 4,000 inmates, had cells blocks built around a parade quadrangle, a health center, a reading room, PVDE guard towers and barracks, and administrative facilities. The camp would also operate a small railway in order to transport supplies and fuel.

The PVDE modeled its camp regime on the Nazi concentration camps.[2] Prisoners were subjected to brutal authority. Strict regulations were enforced and outside information was forbidden. The PVDE used physical and psychological violence against the prisoners, this included sleep deprivation, beatings, and humiliation. Men and women were tortured for information on their organizations and networks in Portugal. The most severe punishment was conducted in a concrete cell called the frigideira (English: "frying pan"). Inside this windowless 6m x3m building, daytime temperatures could reach up to 60° Celsius. Prisoners could be held inside these blocks for days, weeks or months. When used elsewhere, being held in cells of this kind had resulted in extreme dehydration, heat exhaustion, and death.

The camp was closed in 1954 due to national and international pressure.

Victims

A total of 32 political prisoners died in Tarrafal; their remains were not returned to Portugal until after the Carnation Revolution (25 de Abril in Portuguese) in 1974:

Perimeter walls around the camp.
Barracks blocks within Tarrafal.
A hollandinha punishment cell. Temperatures inside could reach up to 45° Celsius during the day.
  • Francisco José Pereira: Seaman, 28 (Lisbon, 1909 - Tarrafal September 20, 1937)
  • Pedro de Matos Filipe: Docker, 32 (Almada, 19 June 1905 - Tarrafal, September 20, 1937)
  • Francisco Domingues Quintas: Industrial worker, 48 (Grijó , Vila Nova de Gaia, April 1889 - Tarrafal, September 22, 1937)
  • Rafael Tobias da Silva Pinto: Watchmaker, 26 (Lisbon, 1911 - Tarrafal September 22, 1937)
  • Augusto Costa: Glassmaker (Leiria - Tarrafal, September 22, 1937?)
  • Candido Alves Barja: Seaman, 27 (Castro Verde April 1910 - Tarrafal, 29 (24) September 1937?)
  • Abilio Augusto Belchior: Marble worker, 40 years (1897 - Tarrafal, 29 October 1937?)
  • Francisco do Nascimento Esteves: Mechanical turner, 24 (Lisbon, 1914 - Tarrafal, 21 (29) January 1938?)
  • Arnaldo Simões Januário: Barber, 41 (Coimbra, 1897 - Tarrafal, March 27, 1938)
  • Alfredo Caldeira: Painter decorator, 30 (Lisbon, 1908 - Tarrafal, December 1, 1938)
  • Fernando Alcobia: Newsboy, 24 (Lisbon, 1915 - Tarrafal, December 19, 1939)
  • Jaime da Fonseca e Sousa: Printer, 38 (Tondela, 1902 - Tarrafal, July 7, 1940)
  • Albino António de Oliveira Coelho: Driver, 43 years (1897 - Tarrafal, August 11, 1940?)
  • Mário dos Santos Castelhano: Office worker, 44 (Lisbon, May 1896 - Tarrafal, 12 October 1936)
  • Jacinto Melo Faria Vilaça: Sailor, 26 years (May 1914 - Tarrafal, January 3, 1941?)
  • Casimiro Júlio Ferreira: Tinker, 32 (Lisbon, February 4, 1909 - Tarrafal, September 24, 1941)
  • Albino António de Carvalho de Oliveira: Shopkeeper, 57 (Povoa do Lanhoso, 1884 - Tarrafal, 22 (23) October 1941?)
  • António Guedes de Oliveira e Silva: Driver, 40 (Vila Nova de Gaia, May 1, 1901 - Tarrafal, November 3, 1941)
  • Ernesto José Ribeiro: Baker or hodman, 30 (Lisbon, March 1911 - Tarrafal, December 8, 1941)
  • John Lopes Dinis: Construction, 37 (Sintra, 1904 - Tarrafal, December 12, 1941)
  • Henrique Vale Domingues Fernandes: Sailor, 28 years (August 1913 - Tarrafal, January 7 (July) 1942?)
  • Bento António Gonçalves: Mechanical Turner, 40 (Rio Fiães (Montalegre), March 2, 1902 - Tarrafal, September 11, 1942)
  • Damásio Martins Pereira: Worker (? - Tarrafal, November 11, 1942?)
  • António de Jesus Branco: Docker, 36 (Carregosa, December 25, 1906 - Tarrafal, December 28, 1942)
  • Paulo José Dias: Maritime stoker, 39 (Lisbon, January 24, 1904 - Tarrafal, January 13, 1943)
  • Joaquim Montes: Cork worker, 30 (Almada, 11 September 1912 - Tarrafal, February 14, 1943)
  • Manuel Alves dos Reis (? - Tarrafal, June 11, 1943)
  • Francisco Nascimento Gomes: Driver, 34 (Vila Nova de Foz Coa, August 28, 1909 - Tarrafal, November 15, 1943)
  • Edmundo Gonçalves: 44 years (Lisbon, February 1900 - Tarrafal, June 13, 1944)
  • Manuel Augusto da Costa: Mason (? - Tarrafal, June 3, 1945?)
  • Joaquim Marreiros: Seaman, 38 (Lagos, 1910 - Tarrafal, November 3, 1948)
  • António Guerra: Trade Employee, 35 (Marinha Grande, June 23, 1913 - Tarrafal, December 28, 1948)

Surviving prisoners
  • Edmundo Pedro: future politician imprisoned in the 1930s and 1940s[3]
  • Pedro dos Santos Soares, a Communist Party member, was sent twice to Tarrafal, from 1936 to 1940 and from 1943 to 1946. He wrote a book about his experiences there, called Tarrafal: Campo da Morte Lenta, (Tarrafal: Camp of the Slow Death), which was published by the Communist Party clandestinely and anonymously in 1947.[4]

Second period

The site was reopened in 1961 on the orders of Adriano Moreira, the Minister of the Overseas Provinces.[5] It would now be used as a forced labor camp for African leaders and militants that were fighting Portuguese colonialism. Prisoners came from Cape Verde, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau. The frigideira was replaced with hollandinha. Despite the conditions, the prisoners tried to help each other and improve their education and knowledge. They gave classes to one another and trained themselves as translators and clerks.

The prison was closed for the second, and final, the time following the Carnation Revolution on 25 April 1974 which ended Portugal's 50-year-old authoritarian regime. The next evening at about 11.30pm, a lieutenant arrived from Lisbon with orders to release all political prisoners.

The Portuguese government handed the site over to Cape Verde after it achieved independence in 1975.

Legacy

Since its closure as a prison, the site has been used as a military base, a refugee camp, a storage facility, and a school. However, these roles have changed and altered the features of the historic site. Buildings have been left badly damaged, many have missing roofs, windows, and doors.

Tarrafal is now a museum. The Museu da Resistência displays photos, plaques, and artifacts. It is part of a project to preserve and record the history of the camp. The long-term aim of the project is to become a World Heritage site.

In 2006, the World Monument Fund named Tarrafal one of its 100 watched monuments.[6]

In 2009 an international symposium on the former Tarrafal concentration camp took place in Praia, Cape Verde, on the 35th anniversary of the camp’s closing. The symposium was attended by former political prisoners and specialists from the countries of Cape Verde, Angola, Guinea Bissau and Portugal.

Notes
  1. Decreto-Lei n.º 26539, 23 April 1936
  2. Sarmento, João (2016). Fortifications, Post-colonialism and Power: Ruins and Imperial Legacies. Routledge. p. 67.
  3. "Morreu dirigente histórico do PS Edmundo Pedro". Jornal de Notícias. 2018-01-27. Archived from the original on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  4. "Pedro Soares - Destacado dirigente do Partido Comunista Português Resistente antifascista". PCP. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  5. Ordinance no. 18539, of 17 June 1961.
  6. Monument Watch List Archived 2009-01-05 at the Wayback Machine World Monument Fund
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