Tarḫunz

Tarḫunz (stem: Tarḫunt-) was the weather god and chief god of the Luwians, a people of Bronze Age and early Iron Age Anatolia. He is closely associated with the Hittite god Tarḫunna and the Hurrian god Teshub.

Tarhunza of Aleppo

Name

The name of the Proto-Anatolian weather god can be reconstructed as *Tṛḫu-ent- ("conquering"), a participle form of the Proto-Indo-European root *terh₂, "to cross over, pass through, overcome". It has cognates in Hittite tarḫu-, Latin trans-, Dutch door, German durch, and English through.[1][2] The same name was used in almost all Anatolian languages: Hittite Tarḫunna-; Carian Trquδ-; Milyan Trqqñt-, and Lycian: Trqqas (A), Trqqiz (B), who has been identified with Zeus.[3][4][2]

Norbert Oettinger has argued that the Anatolian weather god comes from the Proto-Indo-European god Perkwunos, but that they did not preserve the old name to coin instead the new epithet Tṛḫu-ent- ("conquering"), which sounded close to the name of the Hattian Storm-god Taru.[1]

In Luwian cuneiform of the Bronze Age, his name appears as Tarḫunt- (Tarḫuwant- in the oldest texts).[5] He is also named using the Sumerograms ^dU ("God 10") or ^dIM ("God Wind"). In hieroglyphic Luwian, his name was written as Tarhunza- and Tarhunta- or with the ideograms (DEUS) TONITRUS ("God Thunder").

The god's name often appears in personal names. The oldest example is "Tarḫuan", known from a 19th-century BC Hittite text from Kültepe.[6] Among the Luwians, it was customary for people to bear a simple god's name, but names were often combined. In the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, these names are very common. The latest examples derive from Hellenistic southern Anatolia, like Tarkumbios (Ταρκυμβίος, luw. *Tarhun-piya- "Tarhun-Gift“) or Trokombigremis (Τροκομβίγρεμις; *Tarhun-pihra-mi- "Shining Tarhun") which are attested in Cilicia.[7]

Additionally, the Hittite city of Tarhuntassa was named after the Luwian weather god.

Description

Tarhunza of the vineyard; İvriz relief

The Luwian weather god retained his Indo-European roots more clearly than the Hittite weather god Tarḫunna.[8] Thus, he was less closely linked with the bull, which was common in Anatolia, than with the horse. According to the ritual against horse-plague of Uḫḫamuwa in Arzawa, the horses of the weather god were fed and his chariot was oiled with sheep fat.[9]

The various Luwian epithets of Tarhunz indicate his functions. He was 'powerful' (cuneiform: ^dU muwatalla/i-; hieroglyphic: muwatalis Tarhunz) and 'helpful' (cuneiform: ^dU warraḫitaššaš; "Tarhunz the Helper"), but also 'stern' (cuneiform: tapattanašši- ^dU). Thus, in Iron Age depictions, Tarhunz is shown slaying enemies with his axe. In battle he rushed ahead of the king, ensuring victory, and he could therefore be referred to as "Tarhunz of the (battle)field" (cuneiform: immarašša- ^dIM) or "Tarhunz of the commander" (hieroglyphic: kuwalanassis Tarhunz). The weather god is also connected with mountains (cuneiform: ariyattališ ^dIM-anz; hieroglyphic: aritalasis Tarhunz; "Mountain-Tarhunz"). In Iron Age Carchemish, there was a cult of Tarhunz of Mount Arputa (Arputawanis Tarhunz). As a sky god, he was referred to as Tarhunz of the Heavens. As a shining or lightning-wielding god he bore the epithets piḫaimiš ("flashing, shining") and piḫaššaššiš ("of the thunderbolt, of the flash"). The name of the winged horse Pegasus in Greek mythology is derived from this last epithet.[10]

Personal god of Muwatalli II

The Hittite Great King Muwatalli II named the weather god of the thunderbolt (^dU piḫaššaššiš) as his protective deity, calling him "weather god of the thunderbolt, my lord, king of heaven." By his account, the god raised him and installed him as king of the Hittite realm. His prayer to the god shows Luwian characteristics:[11]

"Weather god of the thunderbolt, glow on me like the moonlight, shine over me like the son god of heaven!"

(KUB 6.45 iii 68-70)

Tarhunz of the vineyard

A Luwian innovation is the idea of the weather god of the vineyard. He is first attested in a southern Anatolian vineyard ritual from the 16th century BC, in which he is called upon to make the royal vineyard thrive, along with the goddess Mamma and other divine couples, like Runtiya and Ala or Telipinu and Maliya.

During the Iron Age, Tarhunz of the vineyard (turwarasina Tarhunza) was worshipped with particular intensity in Tabal. King Warpalawas II of Tuwana (2nd half of the 8th century BC) had an imposing rock relief with a depiction of this aspect of the god erected near a productive spring at İvriz. Tarhunz is depicted as a bearded god with curly hair and a helmet. He wears a knee-length skirt and a belt, but no sword. In his left hand he holds a bunch of grapes and ears of corn in his right hand. Animals were offered to him and in return "Plenty came down from the heavens and plenty came up from the earth." In Sam'al he appears in an Aramaic version as Hadad of the vineyard (hdd krmn 'Hadad Karmîn').

Cult sites

Already in the early Bronze Age, Aleppo (Halpa) was a major city of the weather god. With the conquest of Syria by Suppiluliuma I (1355-1325 BC), this city was incorporated into the Hittite realm and Suppiluliuma installed his son Telipinu as priest-king of Aleppo. The temple of the weather god of Aleppo was adjusted to conform to Hittite cult. During the Iron Age, a new temple was dedicated to Tarhunz of Halpa.

Dragon slayer

Late Luwian relief from Arslantepe with the weather god and a companion battling a serpent monster

In a relief from Arslantepe, the weather god and a companion are shown battling against a snake-like water creature. This depiction recalls the Hittite Illuyanka and Hurrian Ḫedammu, a myth which is widespread in Proto-Indo-European religion and in the Near East.

The Anatolian myth was taken over into Greek mythology, in which Zeus battles with the dragon-like Typhon. It has been suggested that the myth was taken over from Cilicia in particular, since there was intensive contact between Greeks and Anatolians there from a very early date. The key locations of the myth also point in this direction: Mount Kasios in northwestern Syria and the area around Corycus in Rough Cilicia, where Luwian religion endured into the Roman period.[12]

Depiction

Jupiter Dolichenus of Heddernheim

There are no depictions from the Bronze Age that can be identified as the Luwian weather god. However, over sixty reliefs and statues of the weather god are known from the Iron Age. These can be divided into three types.[13]

In the first type of depiction, he is shown as a bearded god with a horned helmet, short skirt, and a sword hanging from his belt. In the rear hand he holds an axe and in the front hand he holds a thunderbolt. A winged sun may be depicted above his head, indicating his divine authority.

The second type depicts him similarly, but standing atop a bull. This image was used for the weather god of Aleppo, which exercised a strong influence over perceptions of Tarhunz in Syria. This depiction disappeared in the 7th century BC, but reappeared in Northern Syrian at the beginning of the Roman Imperial period and was brought to central Europe as Jupiter Dolichenus, whose cult centre lay in Doliche, northwest of Carchemish. The bronze triangle of Heddernheim, in particular, shows obvious similarities to the Luwian depiction of Tarhunz in Northern Syria.[14]

The third type shows the weather god with ears of corn and bunches of grapes. This type is common in Tabal (Anatolia). The aforementioned İvriz relief is the best known example. This version of Tarhunz may be depicted unarmed or shown with an axe or thunderbolt.

Depictions of Tarhunz

Adıyaman 1 Stele: inscription, probably of Suppiluliuma
Adıyaman 2 Stele: inscription of Lakawani
Çineköy inscription: inscription of Awariku
Gökbez relief: no inscription
İvriz relief: inscription of Warpalawas II
Keşlik Stele: illegible inscription
Kürtül Stele: inscription of La
Niğde Stele: inscription of Muwaharani II

gollark: Well, everything about English makes no sense.

gollark: Most of my greek typing is just one character in the middle of other stuff, so it would not be very useful to me to learn other layouts and set them up.

gollark: If only people (including me...) actually knew IPA so we could avoid messing with "thee-tah" and other ambiguous ways to say how to pronounce things.

gollark: It's not that hard, I just hold LWIN and type gqx.

gollark: I still struggle with ξ (yes I do have Greek character macros set up for these extremely rare situations).

References

Hutter (2003), p. 221.
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008). Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Brill. p. 835. ISBN 9789004160927.
Mouton, Alice; Rutherford, Ian; Yakubovich, Ilya (2013-06-07). Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean. Brill. ISBN 9789004253414.
Arbeitman, Yl (2000). The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042907980.
Frank Starke (1990). Untersuchung zur Stammbildung des keilschrift-luwischen Nomens. Studien zu den Boǧazköy-Texten. Volume 31. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 136. ISBN 3-447-02879-3.
Thomas Zehnder (2010). Die hethitischen Frauennamen. Katalog und Interpretation. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 284 f. ISBN 978-3-447-06139-1.
Ten Cate (1961), pp. 125–128.
Hutter (2003), p. 222.
HT 1 ii 34ff.
Manfred Hutter (1995). "Der luwische Wettergott piḫaššašši und der griechische Pegasos". In Michaela Ofitsch; Christian Zinko (eds.). Studia Onomastica et Indogermanica. Festschrift für Fritz Lochner von Hüttenbach zum 65. Geburtstag. Graz: Leykam. pp. 79–97. ISBN 3-7011-0015-2.
Hutter (2003), p. 223.
Ten Cate (1961), pp. 203-220.
Sanna Aro (2003). "Art and Architecture". In In: H. Craig Melchert (ed.). The Luwians. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Volume 1.68. Leiden: Brill. pp. 317ff. ISBN 90-04-13009-8.
Guy Bunnens (2004). "The Storm-God in Northern Syria and Southern Anatolia from Hadad of Aleppo to Jupiter Dolichenus". In Manfred Hutter (ed.). Offizielle Religion, lokale Kulte und individuelle Religiosität. Ugarit-Verlag. pp. 57–82. ISBN 3-934628-58-3.

Bibliography

Haas, Volkert (1994). Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Volume 1.15. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-09799-5.
Hutter, Manfred (2003). "Aspects of Luwian Religion". In H. Craig Melchert (ed.). The Luwians. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Volume 1.68. Leiden: Brill. pp. 211–280. ISBN 90-04-13009-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Houwink ten Cate, Philo Hendrik Jan (1961). The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera During the Hellenistic Period. Leiden: E. J. Brill.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)