Taonga

Taonga (taoka in South Island Māori) is a Māori language word which refers to a treasured possession in Māori culture. Due to the lack of a direct translation to English and the significance of its use in the Treaty of Waitangi, the word has been widely adopted into New Zealand English as a loanword. The current definition differs from the historical definition, noted by Hongi Hika as "property procured by the spear" [one could understand this as war booty or defended property] and is now interpreted to mean a wide range of tangible and intangible possessions, especially items of historical cultural significance.

Tangible examples are all sorts of heirlooms and artefacts, land, fisheries, natural resources such as geothermal springs[1] and access to natural resources, such as riparian water rights and access to the riparian zone of rivers or streams. Intangible examples may include language and spiritual beliefs.

What is deemed to be a taonga has major political, economic and social consequences in New Zealand and has been the subject of fierce debates as the varying definitions and interpretations have implications for policies regarding such things as intellectual property[2][3], genetic engineering[4] and allocation of radio frequency spectrum.

Treaty of Waitangi and Te Tiriti O Waitangi

The definition of taonga has a constitutional significance in New Zealand because of its use in the second article of the Treaty of Waitangi. The English language version of the treaty guaranteed the Māori signatories "full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties". The Māori language version of the treaty, which was almost exclusively signed (461/500 signatures[5]), used the word taonga to translate the English phrase other properties.[6]

Section 6(e) of the Resource Management Act 1991 mandates decision makers to ‘recognise and provide for the relationship of Māori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, water, sites, wahi tapu [sacred sites], and other taonga’ as a matter of national importance.[7]

Artifacts

Te Uenuku, or simply Uenuku is an important early Māori carving housed at Te Awamutu Museum.[8] Te Uenuku (literally "The rainbow") represents the tribal god Uenuku.

Korotangi (bird of sorrow) is a carving of a bird made in sepentine stone. Some Māori of Tainui allegiance believe that it was brought to the country from Hawaiki in their ancestral waka.

Waitangi Tribunal claims

A number of claims have been made to the Waitangi Tribunal, relating to the protection of taonga.

Maori language

In June 1985 a claim was lodged asking that the Maori language receive official recognition. It was proposed that the language be official for all purposes enabling its use as of right in Parliament, the Courts, Government Departments, local authorities and public bodies.[9]

Radio frequencies

In June 1986, the Waitangi Tribunal received the Wai 26 claim that the Treaty of Waitangi was breached by the Crown proceeding to introduce legislation related to Māori language before the delivery of the Tribunal's "Report on the Te Reo Maori Claim", and as a consequence the Māori people would be denied their claims for radio frequencies and a television channel.[10] In June 1990 claim Wai 150 was lodged by Sir Graham Latimer on behalf of the New Zealand Maori Council. The claim was in respect of their rangatiratanga over the allocation of radio frequencies; the claim being that in the absence of an agreement with the Māori, the sale of frequency management licences under the Radiocommunications Act 1989 would be in breach of the Treaty of Waitangi.[11] The Waitangi Tribunal amalgamated the Wai 26 with the Wai 150 claim;[12] with the final report of the Tribunal recommending that the Crown suspend the radio frequency tender process and proceed to negotiate with the iwi.[13]

Spiritual places and burial sites

In November 1996, various members of Te Roroa filed a claim with the Waitangi Tribunal concerning the Maunganui block, the Waipoua Forest, Lake Taharoa and surroundings, and the Waimamaku Valley in Northland. A part of the Wai 38 claim related to taonga, in particular: wahi tapu "spiritual places of special significance to tangata whenua", and wakatupapaku (burial chests deposited in ana (caves and crevices)).

The Tribunal report delivered on 3 April 1992 found that the Crown had allowed Te Roroa’s taonga to be violated.[14]

Māori knowledge of flora and fauna

The Wai 262 claim in the Waitangi Tribunal is a claim of rights in respect of mātauranga Māori or Māori knowledge in respect of indigenous flora and fauna. The claimants commissioned a report from Professor D. Williams on traditional ecological knowledge, ethnobotany and international and New Zealand law on intellectual property and conservation.[15]

On 2 July 2011 the Tribunal released its report into the Wai 262 claim: "Ko Aotearoa Tēnei" (‘This is Aotearoa’ or ‘This is New Zealand’).[16] "Ko Aotearoa Tēnei" considers more than 20 Government departments and agencies and makes recommendations as to reforms of "laws, policies or practices relating to health, education, science, intellectual property, indigenous flora and fauna, resource management, conservation, the Māori language, arts and culture, heritage, and the involvement of Māori in the development of New Zealand’s positions on international instruments affecting indigenous rights."[17] The First Chapter of volume 1 (of the full 2 volume report) considers the relationship between taonga works and intellectual property. The Tribunal provides a working definition of a ‘taonga work’ as being that:

"A taonga work is a work, whether or not it has been fixed, that is in its entirety an expression of mātauranga Māori; it will relate to or invoke ancestral connections, and contain or reflect traditional narratives or stories. A taonga work will possess mauri and have living kaitiaki in accordance with tikanga Māori." (Vol 1, 1.7.3 p. 96)[18]

These working definitions involve concepts which are described by the Tribunal as being: Mauri is having a living essence or spirit.[18] Kaitiaki can be spiritual guardians that exist in non-human form; kaitiaki obligations also exist in the human realm. The related concept is that "Kaitiakitanga is the obligation, arising from the kin relationship, to nurture or care for a person or thing it has a spiritual aspect, encompassing not only an obligation to care for and nurture not only physical well-being but also mauri."[18] Kaitiaki obligations are described by the Tribunal as being that, “those who have mana (or, to use treaty terminology, rangatiratanga) must exercise it in accordance with the values of kaitiakitanga – to act unselfishly, with right mind and heart, and with proper Mana and kaitiakitanga go together as right and responsibility, and that kaitiakitanga responsibility can be understood not only as a cultural principle but as a system of law”.[18] The Tribunal also provide a working definition of a ‘taonga-derived work’ as being that:

"A taonga-derived work is a work that derives its inspiration from mātauranga Māori or a taonga work, but does not relate to or invoke ancestral connections, nor contain or reflect traditional narratives or stories, in any direct way. A taonga-derived work is identifiably Māori in nature or contains identifiably Māori elements, but has neither mauri nor living kaitiaki in accordance with tikanga Māori."(Vol 1, 1.7.3 p. 96)[18]

The Tribunal considered which principles applied to whether consent to its use, rather than mere consultation, was necessary where the work was a taonga work, or where the knowledge or information was mātauranga Māori.[18]

Modern usage

The word taonga is often used in the Māori names of institutions and organisations that manage historical collections. Many New Zealand museums contain the term Whare taonga ("treasure house") in the name. Here are some examples:

English name	Māori name
Hocken Collections, Dunedin	Uare Taoka o Hākena (the Southern Māori dialect form of Whare Taonga)
Ministry for Culture and Heritage	Te Manatū Taonga
New Zealand Historic Places Trust	Pouhere Taonga
New Zealand Film Archive	Ngā Kaitiaki O Ngā Taonga Whitiāhua
Radio New Zealand Sound Archives	Ngā Taonga Kōrero
Rotorua Museum	Te Whare Taonga O Te Arawa
Waikato Museum	Te Whare Taonga o Waikato

References

1. "Ngawha Geothermal Resource Report 1993 (Wai 304)". Waitangi Tribunal. 1993. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
2. "Lego game irks Maoris". BBC News. 31 May 2005. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
3. Griggs, Kim (21 November 2002). "Lego Site Irks Maori Sympathizer". Wired News. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
4. Simon Upton, upton-on-line, 11 December 2002. Accessed 12 January 2008.
5. {{cite web |title=Signing the Treaty |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/making-the-treaty/signing-the-treaty |website=NZ History.Gov |publisher=Ministry of Culture and Heritage |accessdate=9/24/19}
6. Ko te Kuini o Ingarani ka wakarite ka wakaae ki nga Rangitira ki nga hapu – ki nga tangata katoa o Nu Tirani te tino rangatiratanga o o ratou wenua o ratou kainga me o ratou taonga katoa.
7. The Resource Management Act at www.legislation.govt.nz
8. "Uenuku". Te Awamutu Museum. Waipa District Council. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
9. "Te Reo Maori Claim", Waitangi Tribunal
10. Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on Claims Concerning the Allocation of Radio Frequencies
11. The Maori Broadcasting Claim: A Pakeha Economist’s Perspective. Brian Easton. 1990. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
12. Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on Claims Concerning the Allocation of Radio Frequencies (Wai 26). Waitangi Tribunal. 1990. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
13. Radio Spectrum Management and Development Final Report (Wai 776). Waitangi Tribunal. 1999. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
14. "The Te Roroa Report 1992 (Wai 38) Chapter 6, Taonga (Sacred Treasures)" (PDF). Waitangi Tribunal. 1992. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
15. Williams, David (1997). "Mātauranga Māori and Taonga. The Nature and Extent of Treaty Rights Held by Iwi and Hapū in Indigenous Flora and Fauna Cultural Heritage Objects and valued Traditional Knowledge". Waitangi Tribunal. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
16. "Time to Move beyond Grievance in Treaty Relationship". 2 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
17. "Ko Aotearoa Tēnei" (PDF). Waitangi Tribunal. July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
18. "Key Concepts, Vol. 1, Introduction 5.2". Ko Aotearoa Tēnei (PDF). Waitangi Tribunal. July 2011.