Tang Soo Do
Tang Soo Do (Hangul: 당수도, Hanja: 唐手道pronounced [taŋ.su.do]) is a karate-based Korean martial art incorporating fighting principles from subak (as described in the Kwon Bup Chong Do), as well as northern Chinese martial arts.[1] The techniques of what is commonly known as Tang Soo Do combine elements of Shōtōkan, Subak, Taekkyon, and Kung Fu. It always requires wearing an obi.
| Also known as | Dang Soo Do Korean martial art, (grand master) shin. |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | Korea |
| Founder | Hwang Kee |
| Ancestor arts | Shotokan Karate, Subak, Taekkyon |
| Descendant arts | Chun Kuk Do, American Tang Soo Do, Kajukenbo, Moo Duk Kwan |
| Tang Soo Do | |
| Hangul | |
|---|---|
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Dangsudo |
| McCune–Reischauer | Tangsudo |
Etymology
"Tang Soo Do" (당수도) is the Korean pronunciation of the Hanja 唐手道 (pronounced Táng shǒu dào in Chinese),[2] and translates literally to "The Way of the Tang Hand."
The same characters can be pronounced "karate-dō" in Japanese. In the early 1930s, approximately 55 years after Japan's annexation of Okinawa,[3] Gichin Funakoshi in coordination with others changed the first character, 唐, which referred to the Chinese Tang Dynasty, to 空, signifying "empty"; both characters can be pronounced "kara" in Japanese, though 唐 is more commonly rendered as "Tou".[4] Funakoshi ostensibly wanted to avoid confusion with Chinese Kenpō. Funakoshi claimed Okinawan Karate could "now be considered a Japanese martial art" and found the China reference "inappropriate" and "in a sense degrading".[5] The Chinese pronunciation of 空手道 is kōng-shǒu-dào, and the Korean is pronounced [koŋsʰudo](공수도).
Outside of the Far East, the term "Tang Soo Do" has primarily become synonymous with the Korean martial art promoted by grandmaster Hwang Kee.
Beyond Won Kuk Lee, several other practitioners formed kwans in the area. By the 1960s, there were nine major kwans, which were based on an original five: 1) the Chung Do Kwan (Won Kuk Lee), 2) Moo Duk Kwan (Hwang Kee), 3) Song Moo Kwan (Ro Byung Jick), 4) Chang Moo Kwan (Yoon Byung-In), and 5) Jidokwan (Chun Sang Sup). Chun's original style, Yun Mu Kwan karate ("kongsudo" in Korean) became "Jidokwan" when his students found new teachers after his disappearance in the Korean War and the new name (meaning "Hall of Wisdom's Way") was adopted.
The history of the Moo Duk Kwan (from which the majority of all modern Tang Soo Do stylists can trace their lineage) can be traced to a single founder: Hwang Kee,[6] who learned Chinese martial arts while in Manchuria.
History
During the late 1930s, Hwang Kee[7] had mastered the native Korean martial arts of Subak and Taekkyon.[8] It was during this time that the Japanese occupied Korea, and the resident general, in an attempt to control the population, banned the practice of native martial arts, setting the penalty at imprisonment. In 1936, Hwang Kee attracted the attention of the Japanese secret police, forcing him to pack his bags and set out on foot for Manchuria,[8]where he experienced scenes of lawlessness and destruction whilst working as a railroad worker. As a result, Hwang Kee decided to enter China, where he would live the next 20 years. He entered China at night from the southern end of the Great Wall of China, which he scaled and descended into China on the other side.
I climbed the wall at night, I was in excellent physical condition at the time and there were parts of the Great Wall that were lower than others. I ran up the side of the wall two or three steps and then grabbed at the top. Once on top, I distracted the soldiers guarding the other side by throwing rocks away from where I climbed down.
— Hwang Kee in an interview with Bob Liedke, translated by his son H.C. Hwang
At this time in China, it was hard for any martial artist to find a master willing to take them on as a student. Despite this, Hwang Kee became acquainted with Master Yang, who taught Hwang Kee the northern style Yang kung-fu (Nei-ga-ryu), a stronger and more passive art than the southern style that can be used at close quarters. Following the conclusion of World War II, Hwang Kee returned to Korea.
Founding of original Kwans
Between 1944 and the Liberation of Korea in 1945, the original schools or kwans of Tang Soo Do were founded in Korea by practitioners who had studied karate and had some exposure to kung-fu. Together, these original five schools and their teachers became the foundation of Tang Soo Do:
- Ro Byung Jik – Song Moo Kwan
- Won Kuk Lee – Chung Do Kwan(original kwan)
- Chun Sang Sup – Jidokwan
- Lee Nam Suk and Kim Soon Bae – Chang Moo Kwan
- Hwang Kee – Moo Duk Kwan
Shortly after the Korean War and in 1953, four more offshoot schools formed. These second-generation kwans and their principal founders were Choi Hong Hi and Nam Tae Hi's Oh Do Kwan, Lee Kyo Yoon's Han Moo Kwan, Park Chul Hee and Hong Jong Pyo's Kang Duk Won, and Lee Young Woo's Jung Do Kwan.
Tae Kwon Do Association
In 1960, Jhoon Rhee was teaching what he called Korean Karate (or Tang Soo Do) in Texas, in the United States. After receiving the ROK Army Field Manual (which contained martial arts training curriculum under the new name of Taekwondo) from General Choi, Rhee began using the name "Taekwondo". There are still a multitude of contemporary Taekwondo schools in the United States that teach what is known as "Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo". This nomenclature reflects this government-ordered kwan merger.
In 1964, the Korean Tae Soo Do Association was formed which, in 1965, became the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association. Because of its political influence, the Tae Kwon Do group, led by its second president, General Choi Hong Hi, tried to unify it with the Korean Soo Bahk Do Association. Kwanjangnim's organization was the largest martial arts system in Korea at the time. Grandmaster Hwang Kee agreed to discuss unification but, when it became clear that he would not be in charge of the new organization, he ultimately refused. The result was a weakening of the Moo Duk Kwan as the Tae Kwon Do movement grew in strength, absorbing many Moo Duk Kwan members in the process.
Tae Soo Do Association
To restore national identity after the protracted occupation of Korea by Japanese forces, the Korean government ordered a single organization to be created. On September 16, 1961, most kwans agreed to unify under the name "Korea Tae Soo Do Association". The name was changed back to the "Korea Taekwondo Association" when General Choi became its president in August 1965.
Despite this unification effort, the kwans continued to teach their individual styles. Hwang Kee and a large constituent of the Moo Duk Kwan continued to develop a version of Tang Soo Do that eventually became what is now known as "Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan". This modified version of Tang Soo Do incorporates more fluid "soft" movements reminiscent of certain traditional Chinese martial arts. The World Tang Soo Do Association and the International Tang Soo Do Federation teach systems of Tang Soo Do that existed before the Taekwondo "merger" and before the development of modern Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan. These versions of Tang Soo Do are heavily influenced by Korean culture and also appear to be related to Okinawan Karate as initially taught in Japan by Gichin Funakoshi.
Recognition
Due to political in-fighting and splintering, Tang Soo Do has had several members break off, although the Moo Duk Kwan as founded by Hwang Kee continues to represent Tang Soo Do (Soo Bahk Do) worldwide, and is headed by Hwang Kee's son, Hwang Hyun-chul. The Amateur Athletic Union Taekwondo recognizes Tang Soo Do ranks, permits Tang Soo Do hyeong in competition and hosts non-Olympic-style point-sparring to accommodate the various traditional Korean stylists.
Actor Chuck Norris popularized Tang Soo Do in the Western world, and from it evolved the martial art Chun Kuk Do.
Ranking systems
Tang Soo Do uses the colored belt system that was instituted by Judo´s founder Jigoro Kano and popularized in Karate-do by Gichin Funakoshi. However, minor deviations according to organization and/or individual school are commonplace. One differentiating characteristic of the Moo Duk Kwan style is that the black belt, or dan rank, is frequently represented by a midnight blue belt (some Chung Do Kwan schools also have adopted this custom) for students who attain dan rank. The reason for the midnight blue belt is the belief in Korean culture that black symbolizes perfection. As no one is perfect, the belt for the dan rank is a midnight blue color. It was also a belief of the founder of Moo Duk Kwan, Hwang Kee, that black is a color to which nothing can be added, thus blue signifies that a dan holder is still learning.
Many schools and organizations still opt to use the black belt. The Moo Duk Kwan, and some Chung Do Kwan schools of Tang Soo Do incorporate a red-striped midnight blue (or black) belt to denote individuals who have reached the rank of Sa Beom (master 사범님/師範님), or 4th dan. The original non-dan, or geup, belt colors established by Hwang Kee were white belt, green belt, and red belt. In the 1970s, an orange belt was added after the white belt, along with either one or two stripes on the orange, green and red belts, encompassing ten geup (student) levels, and is currently the system in use in the Moo Duk Kwan. Many variations of this ranking system are still used and typically employ other colors (such as yellow, brown, purple, and blue). However, this is primarily a western influence.
The black belts (or midnight blue belts) are called dans and each degree has its own specific name. The dan rank ranges from 1st through 9th degree. In the Moo Duk Kwan, dan level is known by its Korean numeration, such as cho dan (1st), ee dan (2nd) and sam dan (3rd), and onward. In many organizations, the titles of kyosu (instructor 교사/敎師) and sa bom (master 사범/師範) are separately awarded after successfully demonstrating ability, knowledge, understanding and character for that level in a dan simsa (심사/審査), or test. One may not test for kyosu (certified instructor) until 2nd dan, or sabom (master instructor) until 4th dan or above. Dan levels from 4th dan onward are known as kodanja (고단자/高段者), whether sabom or not. Also in the U.S., a simple timing structure was created for the dan ranking system. If in constant study, then it was easy to measure when testing for the next rank. The next dan number was equal to the minimum number of years that must be spent training to achieve that dan. For example, a first dan would have two years before they could be a candidate for second dan, and so on.
Techniques and patterns
Hyung
Forms (hyung) vary depending upon the founder or head of the different federations of Tang Soo Do. Tang Soo Do forms are a set of moves demonstrating a defensive or aggressive action for every movement taken mainly from Japanese shotokan karate kata. They are based on an offender attacking and one demonstrating the form reacting to their attack. They are generally memorized and demonstrated at a test for ranking up or a tournament.
Traditionally, nine forms are included in the curriculum of most Tang Soo Do schools, which are required study to earn the midnight blue belt. These hyung are:
Kee Cho forms: kee cho il bu, kee cho ee bu, kee cho sam bu. The Kee Cho series comprises basic patterns. these were created by Gichin Funakoshi, and named taikyoku in Shotokan karate.
Pyung Ahn forms: pyung ahn cho dan, pyung ahn ee dan, pyung ahn sam dan, pyung ahn sa dan, pyong ahn oh dan. The Pyung Ahn series was adopted from Okinawan and Japanese karate, where they are called Pinan/Heian and are the creation of Yasutsune Itosu, who also was one of Funakoshi´s teachers.
Bassai (also known as Pal Che). The Bassai form is also from karate, where it is called Passai/Bassai Dai/Hyung, and was created by Okinawan Bushi Sokon Matsumura.
According to Hwang Kee, he learned these forms from studying Japanese books on Okinawan karate. Most scholars agree that the primary text Hwang Kee relied upon was Gichin Funakoshi's Rentan Goshin Toudi-Jutsu published in Japan in 1925.
However, almost all original 5 kwan instructors taught these same forms and had them in their curriculum as they were direct students of Japanese Karate masters, like Gichin Funakoshi or his contemporary peer Kanren Toyama, founder of shudokan karate; or they were friends and students of the other kwan leaders.[9]
One-step sparring
One-step sparring (il su sik dae ryun) techniques are best described as a choreographed pattern of defense moves against the single step of an attack. Usually performed in pairs, this begins with a bow for respect. One partner then attacks, often with a simple punch, and the other person will perform a series of premeditated techniques, often in a block-attack-takedown sequence.
Free sparring
Though variation is extensive, Tang Soo Do free-sparring is similar to competitive matches in other traditional Okinawan, Japanese and Korean striking systems and may include elements of American freestyle point karate. Tang Soo Do sparring consists of point matches that are based on the three-point rule (the first contestant to score three points wins) or a two-minute rule (a tally of points over one two-minute round, but see also AAU Taekwondo point sparring handbook). Lead and rear-leg kicks and lead and rear-arm hand techniques all score equally (one point per technique). However, to encourage the use of jumping and spinning kicks, these techniques may be scored with a higher point value than standing techniques in some competitions. Open-hand techniques other than the ridgehand and leg sweeps are typically not allowed.
As in traditional Japanese karate-do kumite, scoring techniques in Tang Soo Do competition should be decisive. That is, all kicking and hand techniques that score should be delivered with sufficient footing and power so that, if they were delivered without being controlled, they would stop the aggressive motion of the opponent. There are also similarities between American freestyle point sparring (see North American Sport Karate Association [NASKA] link below) and Tang Soo Do point sparring. Much of the footwork is the same, but the position of the body when executing blows is markedly different between the styles of competition.
Rapid-fire pump-kicking seen in American freestyle point sparring is sometimes used in Tang Soo Do competition. However, in order to score, the final kick in the pump-kick combination should be delivered from a solid base (with erect posture) and with sufficient power, or the technique is not considered decisive. Consequently, the pace of a Tang Soo Do match can be somewhat slower than would be seen at a typical NASKA-type tournament, but the techniques, theoretically, should be somewhat more recognizable as linear, powerful blows that are delivered from reliably stable stances and body positions.
Variation between Tang Soo Do competitions is extensive, but are typically standardized within the various associations. Because of the close historical relationship between Tang Soo Do and Taekwondo, many of the powerful rear leg and spinning kick techniques seen in both International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) and World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) Taekwondo matches are commonplace in traditional Tang Soo Do competitions. The main difference is that they are not delivered with full contact to the head in Tang Soo Do.
Tang Soo Do sparring is a contact event. Though often billed as "light" or "no-contact," the typical level of contact is moderate, being controlled to both the body and head (in dan divisions). Most Tang Soo Do practitioners feel that contact in sparring is essential to understanding proper technique and necessary for developing mental preparedness and a level of relaxation critical to focused performance in stressful situations. Unnecessarily or disrespectfully harming an opponent in Tang Soo Do sparring is not tolerated.
Health and longevity of practitioners are the major goals of Tang Soo Do practice. Consequently, serious injuries are counterproductive because they retard a level of physical training that is needed to foster emotional and intellectual growth. However, minor injuries, such as bumps, bruises and the occasional loss of wind may be invaluable experiences. Each match should begin and end with respect, compassion and a deep appreciation for the opponent. Though Tang Soo Do sparring is competitive, traditional competitions are more of an exercise, or way of developing the self, than they are a competitive and game-like forum. Introspection and personal growth are fostered through free sparring.
Terminology and Korean commands
In Tang Soo Do, as in Taekwondo, commands and terminology to students are often given in Korean. However, beginning in 1955, and again in 1973, with the formation of the WTF,[10] Taekwondo became centrally governed and Taekwondo terminology was revised favoring Korean terminology. Tang Soo Do commands pre-date these revisions and many are based on Sino-Korean words.[11]
| Commands | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Hangul (한글) | Hanja (한자/漢字) | Revised Romanization |
| Ready | 준비 | 準備 | Junbi |
| Begin | 시작 | 始作 | Sijak |
| Stop | 그만 | Geuman | |
| Resume/Continue | 계속 | 繼續 | Gyesok |
| Return | 바로 | Baro | |
| Relax / At ease! | 쉬어 | Swieo | |
| Turn around | 뒤로돌아 | Dwirodola | |
| Yell | 기합 | 氣合 | Gihap |
| Look/focus | 시선 | 視線 | Siseon |
| By the count | 구령에 맞춰서 | 口令에 맞춰서 | Guryeonge majchweoseo |
| Without count | 구령 없이 | 口令 없이 | Guryeong eopsi |
| Switch feet | 발 바꿔 | Bal bakkweo | |
| Hand Techniques | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Hangul (한글) | Hanja (한자/漢字) | Revised Romanization |
| Hand Techniques | 수 기 | 手技 | Sugi |
| Attack | 공격 | 攻擊 | Gonggyeok |
| …Strike | 치기 | Chigi | |
| Block | 막기 | Maggi | |
| Punch/hit | 권 | 拳 | Gweon |
| Middle punch | 중 권 | 中拳 | Junggweon |
| Back fist | 갑 권 | 甲拳 / 角拳 | Gabgweon |
| Knife hand | 수도 | 手刀 | Sudo |
| To pierce / spear | 관 | 貫 | Gwan |
| Spear hand | 관 수 | 貫手 | Gwansu |
| Ridge hand | 역 수도 | 逆手刀 | Yeogsudo |
| Hammer fist | 권도 | 拳刀 / 拳槌 | Gweondo |
| Pliers hand | 집게 손 | Jibge son | |
| Palm heel | 장관 | 掌貫 | Janggwan |
| Elbow | 팔꿈 | Palkkum | |
| Gooseneck | 손목 등 | Sonmog deung | |
| Side punch | 횡진 공격 | 橫進攻擊 | Hoengjin gong gyeog |
| Mountain block | 산 막기 | 山막기 | San maggi |
| One finger fist | 일 지 권 | 一指拳 | il ji gwon |
| 1 finger spear hand | 일 지관 수 | 一指貫手 | il ji gwan su |
| 2 finger spear hand | 이지관수 | 二指貫手 | i ji gwan su |
| Double back fist | 장갑권 | 長甲拳 | Jang gab gwon |
| Double hammer fist | 장 권도 | 長拳刀 | Jang gwon do |
| Foot techniques | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Hangul (한글) | Hanja (한자/漢字) | Revised Romanization |
| Foot techniques | 족기 | 足技 | Jog gi |
| Kick | 차기 | Chagi | |
| Front kick | 앞 차기 | Ap chagi | |
| …also front Snap kick | 앞 차넣기 | Ap chaneohgi | |
| …Snap front kick | 앞 뻗어 차기 | Ap ppeod-eo chagi | |
| Inside-out heel kick | 안에서 밖으로 차기 | An-eseo bakk-eulo chagi | |
| Outside-in heel kick | 밖에서 안으로 차기 | Baggeso aneuro chagi | |
| Stretching front kick | 앞 뻗어 올리 기 | Ap ppeod-eo olli gi | |
| Round-house kick | 돌려 차기 | Dollyeo chagi | |
| Side kick | 옆 차기 | Yeop chagi | |
| …Snap Side kick | 옆 뻗어 차기 | Yeop ppeod-eo chagi | |
| Hook kick | 후려기 차기 | Hulyeogi chagi | |
| …Hook kick | 후려 차기 | Huryeo chagi | |
| Back kick | 뒤 차기 | Dwi chagi | |
| …Spin Back kick | 뒤 돌려 차기 | Dwi dollyeo chagi | |
| Spinning hook kick | 뒤 돌려 후려기 차기 | Dwi dollyeo hulyeogi chagi | |
| Knee strike | 무릎 차기 | Mu reup chagi | |
| Reverse round kick | 빗 차기 | Bit chagi | |
| Stances | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Hangul (한글) | Hanja (한자/漢字) | Revised Romanization |
| Stances | 자세 | 姿勢 | Jase |
| Ready stance | 준비 자세 | 準備 姿勢 | Junbi jase |
| Front stance | 전굴 자세 | 前屈 姿勢 | Jeongul jase |
| Back stance | 후굴 자세 | 後屈 姿勢 | Hugul jase |
| Horse stance | 기마 자세 | 騎馬 姿勢 | Gima jase |
| …also Horse Stance | 기마립 자세 | 騎馬立 姿勢 | Gimalip jase |
| Side Stance | 사고립 자세 | 四股立 姿勢 | Sagolib jase |
| Cross legged stance | 교차 립 자세 | 交(叉/差)立 姿勢 | Gyocha lib jase |
| Technique direction | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Hangul (한글) | Hanja (한자/漢字) | Revised Romanization |
| Moving forward | 전진 | 推進 | Jeonjin |
| Backing up / retreat | 후진 | 後進 | Hujin |
| Sideways/laterally | 횡진 | 橫進 | Hoengjin |
| Reverse (hand/foot) | 역진 | 逆進 | Yeogjin |
| Lower | 하단 | 下段 | Hadan |
| Middle | 중단 | 中段 | Jungdan |
| Upper | 상단 | 上段 | Sangdan |
| Two handed | 쌍수 | 雙手 | Ssangsu |
| Both hands | 양수 | 兩手 | Yangsu |
| Lowest | 최 하단 | 最下段 | Choe hadan |
| Right side | 오른 쪽 | Oleun jjog | |
| Left side | 왼 쪽 | Oen jjog | |
| Other side/Twist | 틀어 | Teul-eo | |
| Inside-outside | 안에서 밖으로 | An-eseo bakk-eulo | |
| Outside inside | 밖에서 안으로 | Bakk-eseo an-eulo | |
| Jumping / 2nd level | 이단 | 二段 | idan |
| Hopping/Skipping | 뜀을 | Ttwim-eul | |
| Double kick | 두 발 | Du bal | |
| Combo kick | 연속 | 連續 | Yeonsog |
| Same foot | 같은 발 | Gat-eun bal | |
| Titles | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Hangul (한글) | Hanja (한자/漢字) | Revised Romanization |
| School Owner/Founder/President | 관장 | 館長 | Gwanjang |
| Master instructor | 사범 | 師範 | Sabeom |
| Instructor/(Teacher) | 교사/(선생) | 敎師/(先生) | Gyosa/(Seonsaeng) |
| Black Belt | 단 | 段 | Dan |
| Student | 급 | 級 | Geup |
| Master level | 고단자 | 高段者 | Godanja |
| Other/Miscellaneous | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Hangul (한글) | Hanja (한자/漢字) | Revised Romanization |
| School | 관 | 館 | Gwan |
| Country Flag | 국기 | 國旗 | Guggi |
| Attention! | 차렷 | Charyeot | |
| Salute the flag | 국기 배례 | 國旗 拜禮 | Guggi baerye |
| Return | 바로 | Baro | |
| Pay respect / bow | 경례 | 敬禮 | Gyeongnye |
| Moment of silence | 묵념 | 默念 | Mugnyeom |
| Sit down! | 앉아! | Anj-a! | |
| Thank you | 감사합니다 | 感謝합니다 | Gamsa hamnida |
| Informal thank you | 고맙습니다 | Gomabseubnida | |
| You’re welcome | 천만에요 | Cheonman-eyo | |
| Uniform | 도복 | 道服 | Dobog |
| Belt | 띠 | 帶 | Tti |
| Studio | 도장 | 道場 | Dojang |
| Test | 심사 | 審査 | Simsa |
| Self Defense | 호신술 | 護身術 | Ho sin sul |
| Sparring | 대련 | 對練 | daelyeon |
| Free sparring | 자유 대련 | 自由 對練 | Jayu daelyeon |
| Ground sparring | 좌 대련 | 座 對練 | Jwa daelyeon |
| One-step sparring | 일 수식 대련 | 一數式 對練 | il su sig daelyeon |
| Three-step sparring | 삼 수식 대련 | 三數式 對練 | Sam su sig daelyeon |
| Board breaking | 격파 | 擊破 | Gyeog pa |
Notable Practitioners
- Chuck Norris (American Tang Soo Do founder and Walker, Texas Ranger star)
- Aaron Norris
- Pat E. Johnson
- John W. Morgart Jr.
- Robert Wall
- Cynthia Rothrock
- Steve McQueen
- Dennis Alexio
- Bruce Buffer
- Michael Jai White
- William Zabka
- Shin Jae Chul
- Danny Bonaduce
- Yehoshua Sofer
- Hwang Jang-lee
- John Ratzenberger (star of Cheers and voice of Hamm in Disney-Pixar's Toy Story franchise)
- Walter E. Williams
- Manoj Jangra
Further reading
- Complete Tang Soo Do Manual: From White Belt to Black Belt ISBN 0-9718609-6-3 Pak, Ho Sik
- Complete Tang Soo Do Manual: From 2nd Dan to 6th Dan - Volume 2 ISBN 0-9718609-1-2 Pak, Ho Sik and Pistella, Jack
- Tang Soo Do: The Ultimate Guide to the Korean Martial Art, Kang Uk Lee, ISBN 0-7136-4531-8; ISBN 978-0-7136-4531-6
- Byrne, Richard and Mitchell, Penny. This Is Tang Soo Do. Malden, MA:American Tang Soo Do Association. 2001. Library of Congress Control Number 2001116262
- Hwang, K. (1995). History of Moo Duk Kwan celebrating the 50th anniversary, 1945–1995. United States: s.n. ISBN 0-9631358-7-2.
- Jones, Glenn (2006). Korean Martial Arts Handbook. Maryland: Hermit Kingdom. ISBN 0-9787598-0-X.
- Hancock, J. and Plyler, J. (2004). The International Tangsoodo Alliance Official Instructor's Manual, Revised Edition. Guthrie, KY: International Tangsoodo Allian
References
- Benitez, Wilfredo (March 2002). Taekwondo Times: Tang Soo Do History: Understanding its past. USA: Woo Jin Jung. pp. 36–39.
- Williamson, Brett (October 27, 2009). "Tang Soo Do World Championships in Adelaide this weekend". abc.net.au. ABC News. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
- "History of Okinawa" (PDF). Kadena Air Force Base. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- Funakoshi, Gichin, Karate-do Kyohan, ISBN 1568364822 p.3 footnote
- Funakoshi, Gichin, Karate-do Kyohan, ISBN 1568364822 p.4
- "Welcome". The Authoritative Source of Moo Duk Kwan History. Moo Duk Kwan martial art school. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- "Great Grandmaster Hwang Kee".
- Liedke, Bob (May 1990). Taekwondo Times: Korea's Living Legend: Tang Soo Do-Moo Duk Kwan's Great Grandmaster Hwang Kee. USA: Woo Jin Jung.
- Kim Pyung-Soo, Master Yoon Byung-in's Legacy: The Changmoo-Kwan & Kangduk-Won, p. 5, kimsookarate.com
- "World Taekwondo Federation". Worldtaekwondo.org. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
- "Tang Soo Do Terminology". Devitakarate.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
External links
- World Moo Duk Kwan Federation (Hwang Kee's original school)
- World Tang Soo Do Association