THP-1 cell line

THP-1 is a human monocytic cell line derived from an acute monocytic leukemia patient. It is used to test leukemia cell lines in immunocytochemical analysis of protein-protein interactions, and immunohistochemistry.[1]

Characteristics

Although THP-1 cells are of the same lineage, mutations can cause differences as the progeny proliferates. In general, THP-1 cells exhibit a large, round, single-cell morphology. The cells were derived from the peripheral blood of a 1-year-old human male with acute monocytic leukemia. Some of their characteristics are:[1]

  • Expression of Fc receptor and C3b receptors while lacking surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins.
  • Production of IL-1.
  • Positive detection of alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and lysozymes
  • Phagocytic physiology (both for latex beads and sensitized erythrocytes).
  • Restoration of the response of purified T lymphocytes to Con A.
  • Increased CO2 production on phagocytosis and differentiation into macrophage-like cells
  • Polarization into the M1 phenotype by incubation with IFN-γ and LPS, or to the M2 phenotype by incubation with interleukin 4 and interleukin 13[2]
  • Differentiation into immature dendritic cells, using recombinant human interleukin 4 (rhIL-4) and recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF), and mature dendritic cells using rhIL-4, rhGM-CSF, recombinant human tumour necrotic factor α (rhTNF-α) and Ionomycin.[3]
  • The HLA type for THP-1 is HLA-A*02:01; A*24:02; B*15:11; B*35:01; C*03:03; DRB1*01:01; DRB1*15:01; DQB1*05:01; DQB1*06:02; DPB1*02:01; DPB1*04:02 (in the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ) cell bank). This HLA type can change depending on the reference biorepository, due to loss of heterozygosity in multiple chromosomal regions, as THP-1 from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) do not express the HLA-A*24:02 and B*35:01 alleles. [4]

Growth Information

THP-1 can provide continuous culture when grown in suspension; RPMI 1640 + 10% FBS + 2mM L-Glutamine. The average doubling time is 19 to 50 hours. 1 mM sodium pyruvate, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) are also commonly added to inhibit bacterial contamination. Cultures should be maintained at cell densities in the range 2-9x105 cells/ml at 37 °C, 5% CO2. Cells are non-adherent.[5]

Hazards

THP-1 cells are of human origin, and no evidence has been found for the presence of infectious viruses or toxic products. The ATCC Biosafety recommendation is level 1.[5]

Research applications

THP-1 cells are used as in vitro cancer cell models[6], as well as a models to study the monocyte-macrophage differentiation process[7], and as a model to examine some macrophage-related physiological processes, for example the macrophage cholesterol efflux.[8]

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References
  1. Tsuchiya S, Yamabe M, Yamaguchi Y, Kobayashi Y, Konno T, Tada K (August 1980). "Establishment and characterization of a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1)". International Journal of Cancer. 26 (2): 171–6. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910260208. PMID 6970727.
  2. Genin M, Clement F, Fattaccioli A, Raes M, Michiels C (August 2015). "M1 and M2 macrophages derived from THP-1 cells differentially modulate the response of cancer cells to etoposide". BMC Cancer. 15: 577. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1546-9. PMC 4545815. PMID 26253167.
  3. Berges C, Naujokat C, Tinapp S, Wieczorek H, Höh A, Sadeghi M, Opelz G, Daniel V (August 2005). "A cell line model for the differentiation of human dendritic cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 333 (3): 896–907. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.171. PMID 15963458.
  4. Noronha N, Ehx G, Meunier MC, Laverdure JP, Thériault C, Perreault C (March 2020). "Major multi-level molecular divergence between THP-1 cells from different biorepositories". International Journal of Cancer. xxx (x): xxx. doi:10.1002/ijc.32967. PMID 32163592.
  5. "THP-1". ATCC. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  6. Chao TL, Wang TY, Lee CH, Yiin SJ, Ho CT, Wu SH, You HL, Chern CL (January 2018). "Anti-Cancerous Effect of Inonotus taiwanensis Polysaccharide Extract on Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cells through ROS-Independent Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (2): 393. doi:10.3390/ijms19020393. PMC 5855615. PMID 29382173.
  7. Auwerx J (January 1991). "The human leukemia cell line, THP-1: a multifacetted model for the study of monocyte-macrophage differentiation". Experientia. 47 (1): 22–31. doi:10.1007/BF02041244. PMID 1999239.
  8. Wang D, Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik SL, Bucar F, Heiß EH, Dirsch VM, Atanasov AG (May 2018). "6-Dihydroparadol, a Ginger Constituent, Enhances Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1-derived Macrophages". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 62 (14): e1800011. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201800011. PMC 6099374. PMID 29802792.
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