Nielsen ratings

Nielsen TV ratings (commonly referred to as "Nielsen ratings") are the audience measurement systems operated by Nielsen Media Research that seek to determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States using a rating system.

Nielsen Media Research was founded by Arthur C. Nielsen, a market analyst who started his career in the 1920s with marketing research and performance analysis. The company expanded into radio market analysis in the late 1930s, culminating in the Nielsen Radio Index in 1942,[1] which was meant to provide statistics as to the markets of radio shows. The first Nielsen ratings for radio programs were released the first week of December 1947. They measured the top 20 programs in four areas: total audience, average audience, cumulative audience, and homes per dollar spent for time and talent.[2]

In 1950, Nielsen moved to television, developing a ratings system using the methods he and his company had developed for radio. That method became the primary source of audience measurement information in the US television industry.

Measuring ratings

The original data collection methods used to generate Nielsen TV ratings included:

  1. Paper "viewer diaries", in which a household recruited by the company self-recorded its viewing or listening habits. By targeting various demographics, the assembled statistical models provided a rendering of the audiences of any given show, network, and programming hour. This methodology was phased out by the company as electronic data collection became more sophisticated, and it was discontinued completely in June 2018.[3]
  2. Set Meters, which are small devices connected to televisions in recruited homes. These devices gather the viewing habits of the home and transmit the information nightly to Nielsen through a telephone line. This system is designed to allow market researchers to study television viewing habits on a minute-to-minute basis, recording the moment viewers change channels or turn off their television set. Nielsen replaced the set meters with Portable People Meters (PPM), which collect the data of individual household members through the use of separate logon credentials and allow the company to separate household viewing information into various demographic groups.

Changing systems of viewing have impacted Nielsen's methods of market research. In 2005, Nielsen began measuring the usage of digital video recording devices such as TiVos. Initial results indicated that time-shifted viewing (i.e., programs that are watched after the networks have aired them) will have a significant impact on television ratings. A year later, the networks were not factoring these new results into their ad rates because of the resistance of advertisers.[4]

In July 2017, Nielsen announced that it would include select programs from subscription-based video on demand (vSVOD) services Hulu and YouTube TV in its Digital in TV Ratings system.[5] Since about October 2017, Nielsen also began to track select programs from Netflix. Partnering distributors insert a "tag" into the program to be distributed on these services, which Nielsen then tracks through its meters system. Partnering distributors are able to determine if these ratings can be released publicly or not.[6]

Ratings/share and total viewers

The most commonly cited Nielsen results are reported in two measurements: ratings points and share, usually reported as: "ratings points/share". There were 119.6 million TV homes in the U.S. for the 2017–18 TV season (Nielsen's National Television Household Universe Estimates).[7] The number of persons age 2 and older in U.S. TV households is estimated to be 304.5 million. A single national ratings point represents 1% of the total number. Nielsen re-estimates the number of television-equipped households each August for the upcoming television season.[8]

A Rating is a percentage of the group. It is basically calculated at RTG = HUT x SHARE where HUT (or PUT when measuring demos) is Homes Using Television and share is the percentage of TV sets that are being used which are tuned to a particular show. Share is NOT the percentage of television sets in use.

Share is the percentage of television sets in use, Households Using Television (HUT) or Persons Using Television (PUT) who are tuned to a specific program, station or network in a specific area at a specific time.[9][10] For example, Nielsen may report a show as receiving a 4.4/8 during its broadcast; this would mean that 4.4% of all television-equipped households (that is to say homes with a TV set, not total number of people), regardless of the TV being on or not, were tuned in to that program, while 8% of households that were watching TV at that time were watching the specific program.[11]

Because ratings are based on samples, it is possible for shows to get a 0.0 rating, despite having an audience; the CNBC talk show McEnroe was one notable example.[12] Another example is The CW show, CW Now, which received two 0.0 ratings in the same season. In 2014, Nielsen reported that American viewership of live television (totaling on average four hours and 32 minutes per day) had dropped 12 minutes per day compared to the year before. Nielsen reported several reasons for the shift away from live television: increased viewership of time-shifted television (mainly through DVRs) and viewership of internet video (clips from video sharing websites and streams of full-length television shows).[13]

Demographics

Nielsen Media Research also provides statistics on specific demographics as advertising rates are influenced by such factors as age, gender, race, economic class, and area. Younger viewers are considered more attractive for many products, whereas in some cases older and wealthier audiences are desired, or female audiences are desired over males.

In general, the number of viewers within the 18–49 age range is more important than the total number of viewers.[14][15] According to Advertising Age, during the 2007–08 season, ABC was able to charge $419,000 per commercial sold during its medical drama Grey's Anatomy, compared to only $248,000 for a commercial during CBS' CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, despite CSI having almost five million more viewers on average.[16] Because of its strength in young "demos" (demographic groups), NBC was able to charge almost three times as much for a commercial during Friends as CBS charged for Murder, She Wrote, even though the two series had a similar amount of total viewership during the two seasons they were on the air concurrently.[14] Glee (on Fox) and The Office (on NBC) drew fewer total viewers than NCIS (on CBS) during the 2009–10 season, but earned an average of $272,694 and $213,617 respectively, compared to $150,708 for NCIS.[17]

Commercial ratings

Nielsen also provides viewership data calculated as the average viewership for only the commercial time within the program. These "Commercial Ratings" first became available on May 31, 2007. Additionally, Nielsen provides different "streams" of this data in order to take into consideration delayed viewing (DVR) data, at any interval up to seven days.[18] C3 was the metric launched in 2007, and refers to the ratings for average commercial minutes in live programming plus total playback by digital video recorder out to three days after.[19] By the end of 2012, some television executives wanted to see C7, ratings for live plus seven days, with CBS Corporation chief executive officer Les Moonves making the claim C7 made ratings increase by 30%.[20]

Sweeps
"Sweeps" redirects here. For other uses, see Sweeps (disambiguation).

The American television measurement by Nielsen is based on three different methodological approaches. In the 25 TV markets with the highest sales (e. g. New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Denver) the Local People Meter (LPM) is measured. Individuals register individually, the measurement is carried out on 365 days over 24 hours.[21] The SET Meter (Diary & Electronic) is used in 31 smaller markets (such as Nashville, Salt Lake City). In four sweeps in the months of February, May, July and November, target group data are collected with the diary and validated with the data of the devices (TV set on/off) in the participating households.[21] In the 154 TV markets with the lowest sales (e. g. Harrisburg, PA or Honolulu) the use of TV is only recorded by means of a diary survey.

Each year, Nielsen processes approximately two million paper diaries from households across the country,[22] for the months of November, February, May and July—also known as the "sweeps" rating periods.[23] The term "sweeps" dates from 1954, when Nielsen collected diaries from households in the Eastern United States first; from there they would "sweep" west.[24][25] Seven-day diaries (or eight-day diaries in homes with DVRs) are mailed to homes to keep a tally of what is watched on each television set and by whom. Over the course of a sweeps period, diaries are mailed to a new panel of homes each week. At the end of the month, all of the viewing data from the individual weeks is aggregated. One exception to the normal sweeps periods occurred in 2008–09, when the February sweeps period was moved to March in order to accommodate the digital television transition, which was already scheduled to take place on February 17, 2009. When the transition date was moved to June 12, the March sweeps period was retained.

This local viewing information provides a basis for program scheduling and advertising decisions for local television stations, cable systems, and advertisers. Typically, the November, February and May sweeps are considered more important; nevertheless, the July sweeps can have local impact in regard to personnel.[23]

In some of the mid-size markets, diaries provide viewer information for up to two additional "sweeps" months (October and January).

Nielsen sweeps periods
Season November February May July
2016–2017 October 27 – November 23, 2016 February 2 – March 1, 2017[26] April 27 – May 24, 2017 June 29 – July 26, 2017
2017–2018 October 26 – November 22, 2017 February 1–28, 2018 April 26 – May 23, 2018 June 28 – July 25, 2018
2018–2019 October 25 – November 21, 2018 January 31 – February 27, 2019 April 25 – May 22, 2019 June 27 – July 24, 2019
2019–2020 October 31 – November 27, 2019 January 30 – February 26, 2020 April 23 – May 20, 2020 June 25 – July 22, 2020

Criticism of ratings systems

There is some public critique regarding accuracy and potential bias within Nielsen's rating system, including some concerns that the Nielsen ratings system is rapidly becoming outdated because of new technology like smartphones, DVRs, tablet computers and Internet streaming services as preferred or alternative methods for television viewing. In June 2006, however, Nielsen announced a plan to revamp its entire methodology to include all types of media viewing in its sample.[27]

Since viewers are aware of being part of the Nielsen sample, it can lead to response bias in recording and viewing habits. Audience counts gathered by the self-reporting diary methodology are sometimes higher than those gathered by the electronic meters which eliminate any response bias.

Another criticism of the measuring system itself is that it fails the most important criterion of a sample: it is not random. A small fraction of the population is selected and only those that accept are used as the sample size. In many local areas during the 1990s, the difference between a rating that kept a show on the air and one that would cancel it was so small as to be statistically insignificant, and yet the show with the higher rating would survive.[28] In addition, the Nielsen ratings encouraged a strong push for demographic measurements. This caused problems with households that had multiple television sets or households where viewers would enter the simpler codes (usually their child's) raising serious questions to the quality of the demographic data.[28] The situation further deteriorated as the popularity of cable television increased the number of viewable networks to the extent that the margin of error has increased, because the sampling sizes are too small.[28][29][30] Compounding matters is that of the sample data that is collected, advertisers will not pay for time shifted programs (those that are recorded for replay at a different time),[31] rendering the "raw" numbers useless from a statistical point of view. Even in 2013, it was noted that Internet streams of television programs were still not counted because they had either no ads (such as Netflix) or totally different advertising (such as Hulu) than their television counterparts, effectively skewing the raw data on a show's popularity.[32]

A related criticism of the Nielsen ratings system is its lack of a system for measuring television audiences outside homes, such as college dormitories, transport terminals, bars, prisons and other public places where television is frequently viewed, often by large numbers of people in a common setting. In 2005, Nielsen announced plans to incorporate viewing by away-from-home college students into its sample. Internet television viewing is another rapidly growing market for which Nielsen ratings fail to account for viewers. iTunes, Hulu, YouTube, and some of the networks' own websites (such as ABC.com and CBS.com) provide full-length web-based programming, either subscription-based or ad-supported. Though web sites can already track popularity of a site and the referring page, they cannot track viewer demographics. To both track this and expand their market research offerings, Nielsen purchased NetRatings in 2007.[33] However, as noted in a February 2012 New York Times article, the computer and mobile streams of a program are counted separately from the standard television broadcasts, further degrading the overall quality of the sampling data. As a result, there was no way for NBC to tell if there was any overlap between the roughly 111.3 million traditional television viewers [34][35] and 2.1 million live stream viewers of Super Bowl XLVII.[36]

Responding to the criticism regarding accusations by several media executives (including Viacom CEO Phillippe Dauman and former Fox Entertainment Group chief operating officer Chase Carey) that it failed to count viewers watching television programs on digital platforms, Nielsen executive vice president of global product leadership Megan Clarken stated in an April 2015 summit by the Coalition for Innovative Media Measurement that the company is able to count digital viewers in audience and demographic reports, but unable to do so under the current set of rules devised by networks and advertising industries last revised in 2006. As such, Nielsen can only count viewership for television-originated broadcasts, and must exclude viewers who watch programs on digital platforms if the program does not have an identical advertising load or a linear watermark.[37]

After Nielsen took over the contract for producing data on Irish advertising in 2009, agencies said that they were "disastrous" and claimed that the information produced by them is too inaccurate to be trusted by them or their clients.[38]

In 2004, News Corporation retained the services of public relations firm Glover Park to launch a campaign aimed at delaying Nielsen's plan to replace its aging household electronic data collection methodology in larger local markets with its newer electronic People Meter system. The advocates in the public relations campaign claimed that data derived from the newer People Meter system represented a bias toward underreporting minority viewing, which could lead to a de facto discrimination in employment against minority actors and writers. However, Nielsen countered the campaign by revealing its sample composition counts. According to Nielsen Media Research's sample composition counts, as of November 2004, nationwide, African American households using People Meters represented 6.7% of the Nielsen sample, compared to 6.0% in the general population. Latino households represent 5.7% of the Nielsen sample, compared to 5.0% in the general population. By October 2006, News Corporation and Nielsen settled, with Nielsen agreeing to spend an additional $50 million to ensure that minority viewing was not being underreported by the new electronic people meter system.[39]

In 2011, CBS and Nielsen proposed a model consisting of six viewer segments which according to their empirical research are more relevant for advertisers than older models based on gender and age. The segments are based on user behavior, motivations, and psychographics. It is argued that the model can increase reaching the desired audience as well as message recall and advertisement likeability.[40]

Top-rated programs in the U.S.
Main articles: List of most-watched television broadcasts and List of most watched television broadcasts in the United States

The table below lists television shows in the U.S. with the highest average household Nielsen rating for each television season.[41][42][43][44][45]

Season Live Live + 3 DVR Live + 7 DVR
Show Network Households
(in millions)		 Viewers
(in millions)		 Show Network Viewers
(in millions)		 Show Network Viewers
(in millions)
1950s
1950–1951 Texaco Star Theatre NBC 6.28[46] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1951–1952 Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts CBS 8.23[47] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1952–1953 I Love Lucy 13.73[48] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1953–1954 15.29[49] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1954–1955 15.14[50] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1955–1956 The $64,000 Question 16.58[51] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1956–1957 I Love Lucy 17.00[52] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1957–1958 Gunsmoke 18.07[53] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1958–1959 17.40[54] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1959–1960 18.44[55] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1960s
1960–1961 Gunsmoke CBS 17.61[56] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1961–1962 Wagon Train NBC 15.59[57] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1962–1963 The Beverly Hillbillies CBS 18.11[58] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1963–1964 20.18[59] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1964–1965 Bonanza NBC 19.13[60] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1965–1966 17.12[61] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1966–1967 16.04[62] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1967–1968 The Andy Griffith Show CBS 15.64[63] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1968–1969 Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In NBC 18.52[64] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1969–1970 15.39[65] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1970s
1970–1971 Marcus Welby, M.D. ABC 17.79[66] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1971–1972 All in the Family CBS 21.11[67] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1972–1973 21.58[68] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1973–1974 20.65[69] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1974–1975 20.69[70] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1975–1976 20.95[71] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1976–1977 Happy Days ABC 22.43[72] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1977–1978 Laverne & Shirley 23.04[73] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1978–1979 22.72[74] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1979–1980 60 Minutes CBS 21.67[75] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1980s
1980–1981 Dallas CBS 27.57[76] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1981–1982 23.15[77] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1982–1983 60 Minutes 21.24[78] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1983–1984 Dallas 21.54[79] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1984–1985 Dynasty ABC 21.23[80] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1985–1986 The Cosby Show NBC 28.95[81] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1986–1987 30.50[82] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1987–1988 Unknown Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1988–1989 23.14[83] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1989–1990 21.28[84] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Roseanne ABC Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1990s
1990–1991 Cheers NBC 19.83[85] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1991–1992 60 Minutes CBS 20.17[86] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1992–1993 20.39[87] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1993–1994 19.69[88] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1994–1995 Seinfeld NBC 19.65[89] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1995–1996 ER 21.10[90] Unknown N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1996–1997 20.56[91] 30.79[92] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1997–1998 Seinfeld 21.27[93] 34.10[94] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1998–1999 ER 17.69[95] 25.40[96] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1999–2000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (Tues) ABC Unknown 28.53[97] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2000s
2000–2001 Survivor CBS Unknown 29.80[98] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2001–2002 Friends NBC Unknown 24.50[99] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2002–2003 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation CBS Unknown 26.12[100] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2003–2004 American Idol (Tues) Fox Unknown 25.73[101] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2004–2005 Unknown 27.32[102] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2005–2006 Unknown 31.17[103] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2006–2007 American Idol (Wed) Unknown 30.58[104] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2007–2008 American Idol (Tues) Unknown 28.80[105] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2008–2009 American Idol (Wed) Unknown 25.53[106] N/A N/A N/A American Idol (Wed) Fox 26.88[106]
2009–2010 American Idol (Tues) Unknown 22.97[107] N/A N/A N/A American Idol (Tues) 24.71[108]
2010s
2010–2011 American Idol (Wed) Fox Unknown 23.95[109] N/A N/A N/A American Idol (Wed) Fox 26.20[109]
2011–2012 NBC Sunday Night Football NBC Unknown Unknown N/A N/A N/A NBC Sunday Night Football NBC 20.74[110]
2012–2013 Unknown Unknown N/A N/A N/A NCIS[lower-alpha 1] CBS 21.34[112]
2013–2014 Unknown 21.42[113] N/A N/A N/A The Big Bang Theory 23.10[113]
2014–2015 Unknown 20.69[114] N/A N/A N/A NBC Sunday Night Football NBC 20.81[114]
2015–2016 Unknown 21.30[115] NBC Sunday Night Football NBC 21.38[116] 21.39[117]
2016–2017 Unknown 19.63[118] 19.73[119] 19.75[120]
2017–2018 Unknown 17.58[121] Roseanne ABC 18.21[122] Roseanne ABC 19.96[123]
2018–2019 Unknown 18.80[124] NBC Sunday Night Football NBC 18.92[124] NBC Sunday Night Football NBC 18.94[125]
Notes
  1. NBC Sunday Night Football aired three broadcasts before the official start of television season which are not counted in the rankings. If these broadcasts were counted, NBC Sunday Night Football would average 21.44 million viewers—more than NCIS.[111]

Television network ratings by year

(total viewership, exclusive of demographics)

Total View Rank Network 2019 views[126] 2018 views[127] 2017 views[128] 2016 views[129] 2015 views[130] 2014 views[130]
#1 NBC 6,330,000 7,876,000 7,284,000 8,426,000 7,757,000 8,264,000
#2 CBS 7,140,000 7,385,000 7,996,000 8,814,000 9,419,000 9,375,000
#3 ABC 5,192,000 5,423,000 5,592,000 6,325,000 6,894,000 6,838,000
#4 FOX 4,623,000 4,401,000 4,733,000 5,053,000 5,198,000 5,973,000
gollark: I don't really *do* outdoors, so I don't have one.
gollark: Oh. Those things. I don't think I have *anything* which can easily set things on fire at home!
gollark: A what?
gollark: https://i.osmarks.tk/memes-or-something/<@!496688144046096404> Observe, 819-ish memes-or-something.
gollark: I am less dumberer than their.

See also

References
  1. "Our history". The Nielsen Company.
  2. "Top 20 Network Shows, Rated 4 Ways, Announced by Nielsen" (PDF). Broadcasting • Telecasting. Broadcasting Publications, Inc. December 8, 1947. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  3. Bhansali, Raj (October 29, 2018). "Nielsen retiring the TV Diary benefits PBS Stations". PBS Digital.
  4. Gary Levin (October 12, 2006). "Playback time for Nielsens". USA Today. Gannett Company. p. 1D.
  5. "Hulu and YouTube TV Now Included in TV Ratings Announces Nielsen". The Nielsen Company (press release). 2017-07-25.
  6. Steinberg, Brian (October 18, 2017). "Nielsen Says It Will Measure Audiences for TV Episodes That Stream Via Netflix". Variety. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  7. "Nielsen Estimates 119.6 Million TV Homes in the U.S. for the 2017–18 TV Season". The Nielsen Company. 2017-08-25. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
  8. Nielsen Media Research. "Nielsen Media Research's Glossary of Media Terms". Glossary Search Rating / Ratings Point. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
  9. Nielsen Media Research. "Nielsen Media Research's Glossary of Media Terms". Glossary Search Share. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  10. Frank Baker (February 12, 2009). "What is a RATING". Media Literacy Clearinghouse. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  11. The Futon Critic Staff (TFC) (2010-09-19). "Frequently Asked Questions About Nielsen Ratings". Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  12. Lisa de Moraes (August 13, 2004). "Where's the Love? CNBC Scrambles to Woo Viewers for 'McEnroe'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 21, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  13. "Nielsen trends: Total audience measurement". CNN Money. December 8, 2017. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  14. Michael Storey (April 23, 2009). "THE TV COLUMN: Not in 18–49 age group? TV execs write you off". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
  15. Bill Carter (April 6, 2010). "An 'Idol' Ratings Loss, but Not in Its Pocketbook". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
  16. Rosario Santiago (October 3, 2007). "For Advertising Purposes, 'Grey's Anatomy' May Well be Colored Green". BuddyTV. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
  17. Brian Steinberg (October 18, 2010). "Simon Who? 'Idol' Spots Still Priciest in Prime Time". Advertising Age. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  18. Gary Holmeys (January 16, 2006). "Nielsen Announces Schedule And Plan For Commercial-Minute Ratings". Nielsen Media Research. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
  19. Jon Lafayette (October 7, 2007). "Commercial Ratings Shuffle the Deck". Television Week. Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  20. Anthony Crupi (November 14, 2012). "C3POh No! Broadcasters Agitate for Better Ratings Currency". AdWeek. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  21. "Local Measurement: Methodology. LPM, SET-Meter, Diary only" (PDF). Nielsen – Client Knowledge Service Team. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  22. "Television Measurement | TV Ratings". Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  23. Alan Pergament (August 6, 2014). "Summertime, when the leaving is easy to figure out". The Buffalo News. BH Media Group, LLC. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  24. "For the TV Station Business, Sweeps Stakes Are Still High". Broadcasting & Cable. NewBay Media. February 17, 2014. p. 34.
  25. "Nielsen Media Research's Glossary of Media Terms". The Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2017. Glossary search for Sweeps
  26. "Local Survey Dates for the 2016-2017 Television Season" (PDF). Nielsen. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  27. Aline van Duynin (June 15, 2006). "Digital TV Prompts Nielsen Ratings Revamp". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
  28. "Can You Believe TV Ratings?". Nova / Horizon. February 18, 1992. PBS.
  29. Andrea Segal (April 26, 2007). "Nielsen Ratings: An Inaccurate Truth". The Cornell Daily Sun. Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
  30. John Herrman (January 31, 2011). "Why Nielsen Ratings Are Inaccurate, and Why They'll Stay That Way". Splitsider. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  31. Gary Levin (April 25, 2007). "Networks' top shows at a rating loss". USA Today. Gannett Company. p. 1D.
  32. Brian Stelter (February 21, 2013). "Nielsen Adjusts Its Ratings to Add Web-Linked TVs". The New York Times.
  33. "Briefing: Nielsen to purchase all NetRatings shares". International Herald Tribune. The New York Times Company. February 5, 2007. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
  34. "US-Repräsentantenhaus segnet Trumps Steuerreform ab". 16 November 2017. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  35. "Jamaika-Sondierungen gehen in die Verlängerung". stern.de. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  36. Brian Stelter (February 8, 2012). "Youths Are Watching, but Less Often on TV". The New York Times.
  37. David Lieberman (April 22, 2015). "Nielsen Says Industry Rules Bar It From Including Digital Viewers In TV Ratings". Deadline Hollywood. Mail.com Media. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016.
  38. Laura Noonan (February 4, 2010). "Media agencies losing trust in Nielsen for supply of critical data". Independent.ie. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  39. Michael Learmonth (October 26, 2006). "Rupe ends Nielsen tiff". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 20, 2009. (subscription required)
  40. Jack Neff (March 23, 2011). "CBS: Viewers' Age and Sex Shouldn't Matter to Marketers". Advertising Age. Archived from the original on April 11, 2011.
  41. Alex McNeil (1996). Total Television (4th ed.). New York City, New York: Penguin Books. pp. 1143–1161. ISBN 0-14-024916-8.
  42. "2003-04 Season To Date Program Rankings from September 22, 2003 Through May 30, 2004". ABC Medianet. 2004-06-02. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2006.
  43. Tim Brooks; Earle Marsh (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–present. New York City, New York: Ballantine. pp. 1679–1698. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
  44. Nellie Andreeva (May 27, 2011). "Full 2010-11 Season Series Rankers". Deadline Hollywood. Mail.com Media. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  45. "Top-Rated Programs by Season (2007-Present)". TimBrooks.net. Archived from the original on 2012-06-21.
  46. "TV Ratings: 1950-1951". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  47. "TV Ratings: 1951-1952". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  48. "TV Ratings: 1952-1953". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  49. "TV Ratings: 1953-1954". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  50. "TV Ratings: 1954-1955". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  51. "TV Ratings: 1955-1956". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  52. "TV Ratings: 1956-1957". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  53. "TV Ratings: 1957-1958". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  54. "TV Ratings: 1958-1959". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  55. "TV Ratings: 1959-1960". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  56. "TV Ratings: 1960-1961". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  57. "TV Ratings: 1961-1962". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  58. "TV Ratings: 1962-1963". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  59. "TV Ratings: 1963-1964". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  60. "TV Ratings: 1964-1965". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  61. "TV Ratings: 1965-1966". ClassicTVHits.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  62. "TV Ratings: 1966-1969". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  63. "TV Ratings: 1967-1968". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  64. "TV Ratings: 1968-1969". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  65. "TV Ratings: 1969-1970". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  66. "TV Ratings: 1970-1971". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  67. "TV Ratings: 1971-1972". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  68. "TV Ratings: 1972-1973". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  69. "TV Ratings: 1973-1974". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  70. "TV Ratings: 1974-1975". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  71. "TV Ratings: 1975-1976". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  72. "TV Ratings: 1976-1977". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  73. "TV Ratings: 1977-1978". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  74. "TV Ratings: 1978-1979". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  75. "TV Ratings: 1979-1980". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  76. "TV Ratings: 1981-1982". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  77. "TV Ratings: 1981-1982". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  78. "TV Ratings: 1982-1983". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  79. "TV Ratings: 1983-1984". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  80. "TV Ratings: 1984-1985". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  81. "TV Ratings: 1985-1986". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  82. "TV Ratings: 1986-1987". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  83. "TV Ratings: 1988-1989". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  84. "TV Ratings: 1989-1990". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  85. "TV Ratings: 1990-1991". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  86. "TV Ratings: 1991-1992". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  87. "TV Ratings: 1992-1993". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  88. "TV Ratings: 1993-1994". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  89. "TV Ratings: 1994-1995". ClassicTVHits.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  90. "TV Ratings: 1995-1996". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  91. "TV Ratings: 1996-1997". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  92. Lowry, Brian (May 23, 1997). "A Milestone Year, for a Decidedly Dubious Reason". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  93. "TV Ratings: 1996-1997". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  94. "The Final Countdown". Entertainment Weekly Published in issue #434 May 29, 1998. May 29, 1998. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  95. "TV Ratings: 1998-1999". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  96. "TV Winners & Losers: Numbers Racket A Final Tally Of The Season's Show (from Nielsen Media Research)". GeoCities. June 4, 1999. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  97. "Top TV Shows For 1999-2000 Season". Variety. August 6, 2000. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  98. "E! Online: CBS Wins Season (via WNDU)". E! Online. May 25, 2001. Archived from the original on July 23, 2001. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
  99. "How did your favorite show rate?". USA Today. May 28, 2002. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  100. "Nielsen's TOP 156 Shows for 2002-03". Google Groups. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  101. "SEASON TO DATE PROGRAM RANKINGS - part 1". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  102. "Disney – ABC Press". Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  103. "Disney – ABC Press". Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  104. "Disney – ABC Press". Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  105. "Disney – ABC Press". Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  106. "Dollhouse Had Largest Share of Viewing From DVRs, Did That Save The Show?". TV by the Numbers. June 18, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  107. "Final 2009-10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership". TV by the Numbers. June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  108. Andreeva, Nellie (May 27, 2010). "Full Series Rankings For The 2009-10 Broadcast Season". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  109. Gorman, Bill (June 13, 2011). "'Modern Family' Tops DVR Ratings Gain For The 2010-11 Season; 'Fringe' Has Biggest % Increase By DVR". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
  110. "Complete List Of 2011-12 Season TV Show Viewership: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By 'American Idol,' 'NCIS' & 'Dancing With The Stars'". TV by the Numbers. May 24, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  111. "Complete List Of 2012-13 Season TV Show Viewership: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By 'NCIS,' 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'NCIS: Los Angeles'". TV by the Numbers. May 29, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  112. Platten, Dominic (May 23, 2013). "Full 2012-2013 TV Season Series Rankings". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  113. "Live+7 DVR Ratings: Complete 2013-14 Season 'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase; 'Raising Hope' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase, 'The Blacklist' Tope Viewership Gains". TV by the Numbers. June 9, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  114. Baron, Steve (June 8, 2015). "Live+7 Ratings: Complete 2014-15 Season 'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase; 'The Messengers' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase, 'The Blacklist' Tops Viewership Gains". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  115. Porter, Rick (May 27, 2016). "Final same-day viewer averages for 2015-16: Football, 'NCIS' lead charts". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  116. Porter, Rick (June 3, 2016). "Final Live +3 viewer averages for 2015-16: NFL, 'NCIS' remain on top". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  117. Rick, Porter (June 13, 2016). "Final Live +7 viewer averages for 2015-16: 'The Big Bang Theory' moves ahead of 'NCIS,' NFL stays No. 1". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  118. Porter, Rick (May 26, 2017). "Final same-day viewer averages for 2016-17: 'Sunday Night Football' leads for 6th straight year". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  119. Porter, Rick (June 5, 2017). "Final Live +3 viewer averages for 2016-17: 'Big Bang Theory,' 'NCIS' pass 'Thursday Night Football'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  120. Porter, Rick (June 12, 2017). "Final Live +7 viewer averages for 2016-17: 'Sunday Night Football' holds off 'The Big Bang Theory". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  121. Porter (May 29, 2018). "Final same-day total viewer averages for 2017-18: 'Sunday Night Football' No. 1 for 7th straight year". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  122. Porter, Rick (June 4, 2018). "Final Live +3 viewer rankings for 2017-18: 'Roseanne' takes over first place". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  123. Porter, Rick (June 11, 2018). "Final Live +7 viewer averages for 2017-18: 'Roseanne,' 'Big Bang Theory' surpass 'SNF'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  124. Pucci, Douglas (June 8, 2019). "2018-19 Live+3 Season Ratings: 'This Is Us' Leads in Raw Adults 18-49 Gains for Third Straight Year, Freshman Drama 'Manifest' Tops in Raw Viewer Lifts". Programming Insider. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  125. Porter, Rick (June 10, 2019). "2018-19 TV Season: Live-Plus-7 Ratings for Every Broadcast Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
  126. Schneider, Michael; Schneider, Michael (2019-12-26). "Top-Rated Channels of 2019: TV Network Winners & Losers". Variety. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  127. Schneider, Michael; Schneider, Michael (2018-12-27). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2018's Winners and Losers". IndieWire. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  128. Schneider, Michael. "Highest Network Ratings of 2017: Most Watched Winners & Losers". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
  129. Schneider, Michael. "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2016's Winners and Losers". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  130. "Most Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2015's Winners and Losers". tvInsider.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-19.

Further reading
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.