Susan Bradley

Susan Jane Bradley (born 1940) is a Canadian psychiatrist best known for her work on gender identity disorder in children.[1] She has written many journal articles and books, including Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents (with Kenneth Zucker) and Affect Regulation and the Development of Psychopathology. Bradley was Chair of the DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Disorders.[2]

For other people named Susan Bradley, see Susan Bradley (disambiguation).

Bradley served as Head of the Division of Child Psychiatry and was Psychiatrist-in-Chief at the Hospital for Sick Children and was consultant psychiatrist at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. She is a Professor Emerita in the Department of Psychiatry at University of Toronto and a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

Personal

Bradley was born in Niagara Falls, Ontario. She attended University of Toronto, earning a Bachelor of Science in 1962 and an M.D. in 1966. Prior to starting medical school, she worked for a year in India with CUSO.[3]

Career

Bradley was certified in medicine in 1967. She earned her specialty licenses in psychiatry and child psychiatry in 1972. In the late 1970s, Bradley founded the Child and Adolescent Gender Identity Clinic at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. In collaboration with her co-author Zucker, she saw over 400 cases of children and adolescents with gender identity disorder and related issues. Bradley served on the American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders.[2]

She was Clinical Director of the Department of Psychiatry from 1984 to 1988 and Psychiatrist-in-Chief and Head of the Division of Child Psychiatry at the University of Toronto from 1988 to 1998.

Psychologist Darryl Hill stated, "Zucker and Bradley believe that reparative treatments (encouraging the child to accept their natal sex and associated gender) can be therapeutic for several reasons. They believe that treatment can reduce social ostracism by helping gender non-conforming children mix more readily with same sex peers and prevent long-term psychopathological development (i.e., it is easier to change a child than a society intolerant of gender diversity). Reparative therapy is believed to reduce the chances of adult GID (i.e., transsexualism) which Zucker and Bradley characterize as undesirable."[4]

Clinicians have called Bradley's therapeutic intervention "something disturbingly close to reparative therapy for homosexuals."[5] However, Bradley and Zucker respond that prevention of homosexuality was never a goal in their treatments and cite a lack of empirical evidence for the most effective approach.[6] Others, like author Phyllis Burke, object to any diagnosis of GID in children, considering it to be "child abuse."[7] Journalist Stephanie Wilkinson said Zucker characterized Burke's book as "the work of a journalist whose views shouldn't be put into the same camp as those of scientists like Richard Green or himself."[8] Bradley has argued that gender identity disorder in children is sometimes rooted in serious family problems, underlying anxiety disorders or psychological trauma and might need other treatment than change of gender.[9]

Because her therapeutic intervention for gender identity disorder in children is controversial, a 2007 celebration honoring Bradley's career was disrupted by transgender protesters.[10]

Bradley's longstanding interest in parenting and evaluation of parenting programs led to her involvement in initiating The Parenting Alliance and the Infant Mental Health Promotion Project. The Council for Early Child Development named Bradley a Community Champion for her work developing the Early Years Centres.

Selected publications

According to the Web of Science Bradley has published over 50 articles in peer-reviewed journals. These articles and her books have been cited over 700 times, giving her an h-index of 16.[11]

  • Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents, 1996, Guilford Press, ISBN 978-0-89862-266-9, with Kenneth J. Zucker
  • Affect regulation and the development of psychopathology, 2003, Guilford Press ISBN 1-57230-939-3
  • "Physical Attractiveness of Girls with Gender Identity Disorder". 1996, The International Academy of Sex Research, Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 25, No. 1
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References
  1. Dingfelder, Sadie F. (April 2004). "Gender bender". Monitor on Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 4. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  2. Bradley SJ, Blanchard R, Coates SW, Green R, Levine SB, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Pauly IB, Zucker KJ (1991). Interim report of the DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders. Archives of Sexual Behavior Volume 20, Number 4 / August, 1991
  3. Bradley, S. (2010). "Interview with Dr. Susan Bradley. Interview by Normand Carrey". Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 19 (1): 51–53. PMC 2809448. PMID 20119569.
  4. Hill DB, Rozanski C, Carfagnini J, Willoughby B (2006). Gender Identity Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: A Critical Inquiry. pp. 7-34. In Karasic D, Drescher J (Eds.) Sexual and Gender Diagnoses of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM): A Reevaluation. Haworth Press ISBN 0-7890-3214-7
  5. Pickstone-Taylor, Simon D (2003). "Children with gender nonconformity". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 42 (3): 266, author reply 266–8. doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00005. PMID 12595778.
  6. Bradley, Susan J.; Zucker, Kenneth J. (1 March 2003). "CHILDREN WITH GENDER NONCONFORMITY". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 42 (3): 266–268. doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00004.
  7. Burke, Phyllis (1996). Gender Shock. Anchor. ISBN 978-0-385-47718-5
  8. Wilkinson, Stephanie (2001). Drop the Barbie! Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine Brain, Child
  9. Margaret Wente (8 May 2015) The raging battle over transgender kids The Globe and Mail. Archive
  10. Gagnon, Audrey (April 12, 2007). Boys will be girls: Gender identity clinic event disrupted by trans activists. ‘’Xtra!’’
  11. Web of Science, retrieved July 1, 2008.
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