Sunspots (economics)

In economics, the term sunspots (or sometimes "a sunspot") usually refers to an extrinsic random variable, that is, a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals (such as endowments, preferences, or technology). Sunspots can also refer to the related concept of extrinsic uncertainty, that is, economic uncertainty that does not come from variation in economic fundamentals. David Cass and Karl Shell coined the term sunspots as a suggestive and less technical way of saying "extrinsic random variable".[1]

Use

The idea that arbitrary changes in expectations might influence the economy, even if they bear no relation to fundamentals, is controversial but has been widespread in many areas of economics. For example, in the words of Arthur C. Pigou,

The varying expectations of business men... and nothing else, constitute the immediate cause and direct causes or antecedents of industrial fluctuations.[2]

'Sunspots' have been included in economic models as a way of capturing these 'extrinsic' fluctuations, in fields like asset pricing, financial crises,[3][4] business cycles, economic growth,[5] and monetary policy.[6] Experimental economics researchers have demonstrated how sunspots could affect economic activity.[7]

The name is a whimsical reference to 19th-century economist William Stanley Jevons, who attempted to correlate business cycle patterns with sunspot counts (on the actual sun) on the grounds that they might cause variations in weather and thus agricultural output.[8] Subsequent studies have found no evidence for the hypothesis that the sun influences the business cycle. On the other hand, sunny weather has a small but significant positive impact on stock returns, probably due to its impact on traders' moods.[9]

Sunspot equilibrium

In economics, a sunspot equilibrium is an economic equilibrium where the market outcome or allocation of resources varies in a way unrelated to economic fundamentals. In other words, the outcome depends on an "extrinsic" random variable, meaning a random influence that matters only because people think it matters. The sunspot equilibrium concept was defined by David Cass and Karl Shell.

Origin of terminology

While Cass and Shell's 1983 paper [1] defined the term sunspot in the context of general equilibrium, their use of the term sunspot (a term originally used in astronomy) alludes to the earlier econometric work of William Stanley Jevons, who explored the correlation between the degree of sunspot activity and the price of corn.[10] In Jevons' work, uncertainty about sunspots could be considered intrinsic, for example, if sunspots have some demonstrable effect on agricultural productivity, or some other relevant variable. In modern economics, the term does not indicate any relationship with solar phenomena, and is instead used to describe random variables that have no impact on the preferences, allocations, or production technology of a general equilibrium model. The modern theory suggests that such a nonfundamental variable might have an effect on equilibrium outcomes if it influences expectations.[1]

Cass and Shell refer to Keynes' "animal spirits", and to the notion of self-fulfilling prophecy to illuminate their use of the term "extrinsic uncertainty". Formally however they define it as any variable that does not directly affect the fundamentals of the economy.

Occurrence of equilibria

Much work on sunspot equilibria aims to prove the possible existence of equilibria differing from a given model's competitive equilibria, which can result from various types of extrinsic uncertainty.[1] The sunspot equilibrium framework supplies a basis for rational expectations modeling of excess volatility (volatility resulting from sources other than randomness in the economic fundamentals). Proper sunspot equilibria can exist in a number of economic situations, including asymmetric information, externalities in consumption or production, imperfect competition, incomplete markets, and restrictions on market participation.

gollark: This is what I planned all along.
gollark: ddg! gollark on a sunday
gollark: *.
gollark: Γ you.
gollark: No, γ is [CAPS]gg.

References
  1. Cass, David; Shell, Karl (1983). "Do Sunspots Matter?". Journal of Political Economy. 91 (21): 193–228. doi:10.1086/261139.
  2. Pigou, Arthur C. (1927). Industrial fluctuations. London: Macmillan. OCLC 1827301. Cited in Melberg, Hans O. (1998). "Psychology and economic fluctuations - Pigou, Mill, and Keynes". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009.
  3. Obstfeld, Maurice (1996). "Models of currency crises with self-fulfilling features". European Economic Review. 40 (3–5): 1037–47. doi:10.1016/0014-2921(95)00111-5.
  4. Diamond, Douglas; Dybvig, Philip (1983). "Bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity". Journal of Political Economy. 91 (3): 401–19. doi:10.1086/261155.
  5. Matsuyama, Kiminori (1991). "Increasing returns, industrialization, and indeterminacy of equilibrium". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 106 (2): 617–50. doi:10.2307/2937949.
  6. Benhabib, Jess; Schmitt-Grohe, Stephanie; Uribe, Martin (2001). "The perils of Taylor rules". Journal of Economic Theory. 96 (1–2): 40–69. doi:10.1006/jeth.1999.2585.
  7. Duffy, John; Fisher, Eric O'N. (2005). "Sunspots in the laboratory". American Economic Review. 95 (3): 510–529. doi:10.1257/0002828054201350.
  8. Jevons, William Stanley (Nov. 14, 1878). “Commercial crises and sun-spots”, Nature xix, pp. 33-37.
  9. Hirshleifer, David; Shumway, Tyler (2003). "Good day sunshine: stock returns and the weather". Journal of Finance. 58 (3): 1009–1032. doi:10.1111/1540-6261.00556.
  10. Jevons, WS (1875). "Influence of the Sun-Spot Period on the Price of Corn". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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