Sub-Doppler cooling

Sub-Doppler cooling is a mechanism that can be used to cool a substance to a temperature lower than the Doppler cooling limit. When atoms or molecules are cooled to reach the Doppler cooling limit, the natural decay induced repulsion is balanced with the cooling and trapping force induced by Doppler cooling. There are methods to beat the Doppler cooling limit and reach sub-Doppler cooling.

The methods to get sub-Doppler cooling include optical molasses, Sisyphus cooling, evaporative cooling and the use of a dark magneto-optical trap.

Dark magneto-optical trap

A magneto-optical trap (MOT) is commonly used for cooling and trapping a substance by Doppler cooling. In the process of Doppler cooling, the red detuned light would be absorbed by atoms from one certain direction and re-emitted in a random direction. The electrons of the atoms would decay to an alternative ground states if the atoms have more than one hyperfine ground level. There is the case of all the atoms in the other ground states rather than the ground states of Doppler cooling, then system cannot cool the atoms further.

In order to solve this problem, the other re-pumping light would be incident on the system to repopulate the atoms to restart the Doppler cooling process. This would induce higher amounts of fluorescence being emitted from the atoms which can be absorbed by other atoms, acting as a repulsive force. Due to this problem, the Doppler limit would increase and is easy to meet. When there is a dark spot or lines on the shape of the re-pumping light, the atoms in the middle of the atomic gas would not be excited by the re-pumping light which can decrease the repulsion force from the previous cases.

This can help to cool the atoms to a lower temperature than the typical Doppler cooling limit. This is called a dark magneto-optical trap (DMOT).[1]

References
  1. Shengwang Du, Shanchao Zhang, Shuyu Zhou, Guang Yu Yin, and Chinmay Belthangady, "Two-dimensional magneto-optical trap for neutral atoms," US Patent No.: US 8,835,833 B2 (2014); China Patent Pub. No.: CN 102969038 A (2013).
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