Stylops melittae

Stylops melittae is a species of the order Strepsiptera of flying insects, that parasitize various species of sand bees (Andrena).[2]

Stylops melittae
Male
Female Stylops sp. in hindparts of Andrena vaga
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Strepsiptera
Family:
Stylopidae
Genus:
Stylops
Species:
S. melittae
Binomial name
Stylops melittae
Kirby,[1] 1802
Andrena vaga male bee, with Stylops sp. mating on its abdomen
male

Biology

The female Stylops melittae gives birth to a large number of motile primary larvae, that are strewn upon blossoms. From there they can be delivered along with the pollen at the nest construction of the sand bees for which the species is specialized. In the nest construction the primary larvae penetrate into the host larvae and molt into exclusively endoparasitic secondary larvae. These roam about feeding in the host, and after a few further moltings establish themselves in the abdomen, and with their anterior portion break through between two abdominal segments of the host's skin, where they pupate. The exit point lays mostly between the 4th and 5th, more rarely between the 3rd and 4th, abdominal segment.

There are substantially more females (77–92%) than males (2–23%).[2][3][4] The females remain all their lives in this puparium where they will be visited by the males for the purpose of copulation. Therefore, the females release a pheromone (3,5,9-trimethyldodecanal) produced by cephalothoracic gland and attract the males.[5]

Stylops melittae can emerge in two generations, but most emerge in just one generation, so that stylops-infested sand bees are encountered mostly just in the early months of the year March through May.

Influence on the host species

Stylops melittae primarily parasitizes species of sand bees that use the blossoms of multiple plants (that is, those that are polylectic); sand bee species specialized for blossoms of a single or few plant species, are more rarely affected. This distribution regarding host specificity would not be expected.

Stylops melittae has a markedly variable appearance. The proportions of the cephalothorax of the female have a great range of variability and consequently at times sequences of apparently host-specific species have been described, that have since been subsumed under single species.

Female sand bees become parasitized far more often than males.

Stylops-parasitized female sand bees are sterile and express themselves in behavior and appearance rather like their male counterparts of the species. The pollen gathering apparatus is reduced, the abdomen is flatter, and also the coloration is reminiscent of male individuals. Furthermore the stylops-parasitized female bees leave the maternal nest a few days earlier than do uninfested female individuals, similarly as do healthy male individuals. The earlier flight of the infested females gives the parasite more time for the development of the primary larvae. Stylops-parasitized females are no longer active after they have dug out their nest, while healthy females then fly out to provide for their offspring.

The less often infested male sand bees are by their appearance less affected, but are rather reminiscent of the female animals.

In science and culture

William Kirby was responsible for classifying the Strepsiptera as a separate order of insects. On the foundation of the Entomological Society of London in 1833 William Kirby was made Honorary Life President and Stylops melittae (then known as Stylops kirbyi) was adopted as the society’s symbol. The seal was first used for a letter by the society to William Kirby, which was signed by the president and thirty members in 1836 to thank him for presenting the society with a cabinet containing his entire insect collection. The society's badge has remained almost unchanged since its first use.[6] [7]

Sources
gollark: Orbital sand melting lasers are online.
gollark: ???
gollark: I'm overhauling the code such that all is to become unbee.
gollark: Relevantly, osmarks.net search may reexist soon.
gollark: ?tag create skateboard The United States Marine Corps tested the usefulness of commercial off-the-shelf skateboards during urban combat military exercises in the late 1990s in a program called Urban Warrior '99. Their special purpose was "for maneuvering inside buildings in order to detect tripwires and sniper fire".

References
  1. Kirby, William. Apium Angliae 1: 257-258 [112]
  2. Bleidorn, Christoph; Feitz, Fernand; Schneider, Nico; Venne, Christian. Zum Vorkommen von Stylops melittae Kirby, 1802 (Insecta, Strepsiptera) in Luxemburg Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 105 (2004) p. 137–142
  3. Straka, J.; Rezkova, K.; Batelka, J.; Kratochvíl, L. Early nest emergence of females parasitised by Strepsiptera in protandrous bees (Hymenoptera Andrenidae). Ethology Ecology & Evolution 23: 97–109, 2011
  4. Kuhlmann, M. Nachweise mit Bienen und Wespen (Hymenoptera Aculeata) assoziierter Milben (Acari) und Fächerflügler (Strepsiptera) Linzer biol. Beitr. 30/1 69-80 31.7.1998
  5. Tolasch, Till; Kehl, Siegfried; Dötterl, Stefan (2012). "First Sex Pheromone of the Order Strepsiptera: (3R,5R,9R)-3,5,9-Trimethyldodecanal in Stylops melittae Kirby, 1802". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 38 (12): 1493–1503. doi:10.1007/s10886-012-0215-6.
  6. President Address - Hugh Loxdale, 3 May 2006
  7. http://www.royensoc.co.uk
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