Structural pluralism
Structural pluralism is "the potential for political competition in communities".[1] The degree of structural pluralism is used to examine how societies are structured, and specifically is a way to explain coverage differences in media markets. Structural pluralism is studied in philosophical, sociological and communication literature.
Structural pluralism is what makes civic community a unique form of civil society (Morton, 2000). Structural pluralism represents the extent to which the community has an open and inclusive structure that permits minority voices and opinions to be heard when citizens and citizen groups are addressing community problems (Young, 1999).
Communities are discussed in terms of having common institutions, such as governing or other political bodies, religious, educational and economic institutions. These bodies or institutions help to maintain the social order within the community.
This concept comes from the field of sociology, but prior to that, stems from writings by Hegel (1821) on civic society. This comes also from the functionalist writings of Émile Durkheim and Herbert Spencer (Hindman, 1999).
Durkheim writes that there are two organizating principle types of societies, that most like the premodern communities, called mechanical solidarity in which ethnic and extended families were central; and that called organic solidarity which examines the relationships of interdependence based on other components, such as work, and social organizations (Durkheim, 1933). These are equated to today's rural and urban societies respectively.
In journalism
Olien, Donohue and Tichenor (1978; Tichenor, Olien, & Donohue, 1980) helped to fold this concept into the communication discipline when they noted that structural pluralism has an effect on the way in which news is presented. Through several studies and publications, they built a model of structural pluralism, and later showed how power relationships work through a systems approach (Donohue, Olien, & Tichenor, 1985; Tichenor, Olien, & Donohue, 1980).
As media are typically supportive of the social system and institutions, as well as dependent upon them for gaining access to and gathering material that will be useful to the public, they often reflect the power structure of the community. Movements, groups or discussions that are critical of the social structure are often excluded from newspapers in communities where there is a strongly centralized power structure. An example of such a community would be a town in which a significant portion of adults are employed by one business or industry. Criticism of this business or industry may erode the faith of community members in it and lead to social unrest.
Initially the work of the Olien, Tichenor and Donohue camp allowed us to see how diversity in communities is reflected in the reporting style of news organizations. Conflict within communities is more often reported in larger and less homogeneous areas.
However, prior to the Olien, Tichenor, Donohue writings came those of Breed (1958) and Paletz, Reichert and McIntyre (1971). In their original pieces, the lack of criticism by the press on central powerholders was discussed.
Other studies of the impact of structural pluralism on journalism have looked shown that women are more often represented in areas that are more ethnically diverse (Armstrong, 2002); that newspapers in more diverse communities will be less likely to ignore protest stories or report them in an abbreviated fashion (Stein, et al., 2003); and others.
Structural pluralism has been discussed in law journals as a paradigmatic shift regarding the privatization of government entities (Roberts, 2001).
See also
References
- Young, FW; Lyson, TA (2001). "Structural pluralism and all-cause mortality". Am J Public Health. 91 (1): 136–8. doi:10.2105/ajph.91.1.136. PMC 1446508. PMID 11189808.
- Armstrong, C (2002). "Papers give women more attention in ethnically diverse communities". Newspaper Research Journal. 23 (4): 76–80.
- Donohue, G. A.; Olien, C. N.; Tichenor, P. J. (1985). "Reporting conflict in the press by pluralism, newspaper type, and ownership". Journalism Quarterly. 62 (489–499): 507.
- Durkheim, E. (1933). The division of labor in society. New York: The Free Press.
- Hegel, G.W.F. 1821. Philosophy of Right. Translated by T.M. Know 1967. Oxford University Press, UK.
- Hindman, D. B. (1996). "Community newspapers, community structural pluralism, and local conflict with nonlocal groups". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. 73 (3): 708–721. doi:10.1177/107769909607300315.
- Hindman, D. B. (1999). Social control, social change and local mass media. In D. Demers, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Mass media, social control, and social change: A macrosocial perspective. Ames, IO: Iowa State UP.
- Morton, L. W. (2000). The Impact of Civic Community on Rural Community Quality Summary. Paper submitted to the annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society.
- Olien, C. N.; Donohue, G. A.; Tichenor, P. J. (1978). "Community Structure and Media Use". Journalism Quarterly. 55 (3): 445–455. doi:10.1177/107769907805500304.
- Roberts, A. (2001). "Structural Pluralism and the Right to Information". University of Toronto Law Journal. 51 (3): 243–271. doi:10.2307/825940. JSTOR 825940. SSRN 1305423.
- Stein, S., McCluskey, M., Boyle, M., Devanathan, N., McLeod, D., Hillback, E., & Shevy, M. (2003). Community influences on newspaper coverage of social and political protests. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA.
- Tichenor, P. J., Donohue, G. A., & Olien, C. N. (1980). Community Conflict and the Press. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
- Young, F. W. (1999). Small Towns in Multilevel Society. Lanham, New York: University Press of America.