Strobilanthes callosa

Strobilanthes callosa Nees[1] (Synonym: Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek)[1] is a shrub found mainly in the low hills of the western ghats all along the west coast of India.[2] Its standardized Hindi language name is maruadona (मरुआदोना)[3] by which it is called in the state of Madhya Pradesh where it is also found. In the state of Maharashtra in the Marathi language[4] and other local dialects and in the neighboring state of Karnataka[5] the shrub is locally known as karvi,[4][5][6][7][8][9] sometimes spelled in English as karvy.[10][11]

Strobilanthes callosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Acanthaceae
Genus: Strobilanthes
Species:
S. callosa
Binomial name
Strobilanthes callosa
Synonyms

Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek

This shrub belongs to the genus Strobilanthes which was first scientifically described by Nees in the 19th century.[11] The genus has around 350 species,[12] of which at least 46 are found in India. Most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles, on the national scale there is often confusion about which plant is flowering.[13]

Description

It is a large shrub, sometimes attaining 6–20 ft in height and 2​1⁄2 inches in diameter[8] and flowers between July and September but what makes it most famous is that it takes nearly a decade for the bloom cycle to happen.[2] Its leaves are home to several insects including caterpillars and snails[7] which feed on it. The shrub has an interesting life cycle, it comes alive green every year with the coming of Monsoon, but once the rainy season is over, all that is left is dry and dead-looking stems. This pattern repeats itself for seven years, but in the eighth year the plant bursts into mass flowering.[7][10][11]

Plants that bloom at long intervals like Strobilanthes callosa are known as plietesials, the term plietesial has been used in reference to perennial monocarpic plants “of the kind most often met with in the Strobilanthinae” (a subtribe of Acanthaceae containing Strobilanthes and allied genera) that usually grow gregariously, flower simultaneously following a long interval, set seed, and die. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, mast seeding, and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy).[14]

In 1953 Sharfuddin Khan describing the plant in the former Hyderabad State wrote:

Botanical Name - Strobilanthes callosus

Strobilanthes, Blume.; F.B.I. IV-429. S. callosus, Nees.; F.B.I. IV-451. Brandi's Ind. Trees, 500. Gamble's Ind. Timbers, 518. Vern. Karvi, Mar.

A large shrub, sometimes attaining 6-20 ft. in height and 2​1⁄2 inches in diameter; branches often warted or scabrous-tubercled. Leaves opposite, 7 by 3 in., sometimes much larger, crenate, rough, conspicuously marked with five lines above, nerves 8-16 pair; petiole 2-3 in. Flowers in strobiliform spikes 1-4 in. long, often densely or laxly cymose; bracts 1/2 - 1 in. long, orbicular or elliptic. Calyx 1/2 in., in fruit often exceeding 3/4 in., sub-equally 5-lobed to the base; segments oblong, obtuse, softly hairy. Corolla tubular-ventricose, 1​1⁄2 in., glabrous without, very hairy within, deep blue; lobes 5, nearly equal, contorted in bud. Stamens 4; filaments hairy downwards; anthers blunt; not spurred at the base. Ovary 4-ovuled; style linear; stigma of one long linear-lanceolate branch the other minute. Capsule 3/4 by 1/3 in., seeds more than 1/3 in. long, thin, obovate, acute, densely shaggy with white inelastic adpressed hair, except on the large oblong areoles.

Tolerably common on the Kannad and Ajanta ghats in Aurangabad. In 'List of Trees, Shrubs, etc., of the Bombay Presidency,' Talbot remarks. "It covers large areas on the Konkan and N. Kanara ghats, and forms the undergrowth in many of the deciduous moist forests. Sometimes a very large shrub (30 ft., high and 2​1⁄2 in. in diameter). A general flowering takes place every seven or eight years. The white glabrous bracts become covered, after the flowering is over, with viscous strongly smelling hairs. The flowers vary in colour from purple-blue to pink. A general flowering of this species in N. Kanara, took place in Sept-Oct. 1887. The capsules ripen during the cold and hot seasons, and are elastically dehiscent, making a paculiar, almost continuous, niose during the shedding of the seeds in a forest of this species".

— Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953.[8]

In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguist lines, the above-mentioned state of Hyderabad was split up between Andhra Pradesh, Bombay state (later divided into states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka.

Eight year bloom cycle and mass flowering

The Strobilanthes callosa bush typically takes seven years to grow. It is only in its eighth year that it bursts into bloom. At that time the pink and white buds[10] bear bright purple[2] (purplish blue[11]) flowers in a mass flowering which covers many forest areas with a colorful lavender blush[7] of buds with a tinge of pink[11] with its profusion of violet blooms,[10] after this once in a lifetime mass flowering the bush finally dies out.[7][10] The flowers are rich in pollen and nectar and attract a wide range of species of butterflies, birds and insects including honey bees and carpenter bees that come to feed on their nectar.[7][10]

Typically the lifespan of a single Strobilanthes callosa bloom lasts between 15 and 20 days and its mass blooming usually extends from mid-August to September-end.[7]

After the mass flowering, the shrub is covered with fruits which are dry by the next year. With the coming of the monsoon and the first rains in the next year, the dried fruits absorb moisture and burst open with a pop, the hillsides where Strobilanthes callosa grows are filled with these loud popping sounds of dried seed pods bursting open somewhat explosively dehiscing their seeds for dispersal and soon new plants germinate taking root in the wet forest floor.[7][10]

Masting

Some species of Strobilanthes including this one are examples of a mass seeding phenomenon termed as masting[15] which can be defined as "synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants",[16] strict masting only occurs in species that are monocarpic (or semelparous) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die.[17]

Distribution

Strobilanthes callosa which is mostly peculiar to the hills of the Western Ghats (Sahyadris)[7][10] in India can be seen growing wild around Mumbai, Tansa, Khandala, Bhimashankar, Malshej Ghat, Basgadh, Anjaneri, Dhodap, Salher-Mulher (Nashik region), Mulshi, Aurangabad (common on the Kannad and Ajanta ghats),[8] Konkan[8] etc. in the state of Maharashtra, parts of the state of Madhya Pradesh, parts of the state of Gujarat and in large areas of and Uttara Kannada Ghats[8] in the state of Karnataka among other places all along the Western Ghat hills on the west coast of India.[11]

Medicinal uses

While the leaves of Strobilanthes callosa are poisonous,[1][18] toxic[10] and unfit for human consumption it is used as a traditional medicine herb by the local adivasi tribals and villagers[1] for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.[4] Its leaves are crushed and the juice obtained is believed to be a sure cure for stomach ailments.[11]

The plant has been the subject of scientific research which confirms its use in folk medicine as a valid anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial herbal drug[6] with anti-rheumatic activity.[4]

Related species include Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK (大青葉, Da Ching Yeh, タイセイヨウ), used in Chinese[19] and Japanese herbal medicine,[20] and Strobilanthes forrestii Diels (Wei Niu Xi), used in Chinese herbal medicine.[21]

Other uses

Strobilanthes callosa has sturdy stems which along with its leaves is generally used by the local adivasi tribals and villagers as thatching material to build their huts.[7][10][11]

Immediately after its mass flowering the Karvi honey collected by wild bee honey hunters is a popular local delicacy, it is much thicker and darker than other varieties.[7][10][11]

Control methods

The following Western Ghats forestry report from the year 1908 of Ankola high forests in coastal Karnataka (then under Bombay Presidency), provides methods to clear and control this shrub, when required, from spreading uncontrollably into unwanted areas:

() That the growth of Karvi (Sirobilanthes callosus) in many places is very heavy and is a direct check on natural regeneration. To get rid of this weed is difficult, though probably not impossible. In the Jaunsar Division areas were successfully treated in 1906 by cutting S. Wallichi when the flowers were fully out and the fruit had begun to form, but was not actually ripe. The Strobilanthes callosus flowers every seventh or eight year in Uttara Kannada and then dies down, so that, at the period of flowering, it might be treated in a similar way with advantage. It should be borne in mind that cutting off the heads of Karvi when it first com- mences to flower is useless, as it then puts out sideshoots which flower later ; it can therefore only be treated when the flowers begin to fall. The time of flowering is given as September and October. ...Karvi is the difficulty here, with care it should be burnt directly after flowering. Seed-lings will suffer relatively little by burning as they have only appeared in the patches where Karvi is absent.

— WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF ANKOLA HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV BY E. S. PEAESON, I. F. S., F. L. S., Deputy Conservator of Forests, WORKING PLANS, S. C. 1908- BOMBAY PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS 1910[9]

Common in the hills near Mumbai

The Karvi bush as it is locally known grows in abundance in the western ghat hills near the metropolis of Mumbai including throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2000,[11] then in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom there again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle', its maximum bloom can be seen on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast slopey expanses on the hillsides with Kanheri caves area of the national park being one of the best places to observe large blooming expanses.[7][10]

In the state of Maharashtra in the neighborhood of Mumbai the mass flowering of Karvi has been observed to occur in the same year as Mumbai in Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej, beyond Kalyan.[11]

Local conservation NGOs like the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)[7] and World Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India)[11] bring groups of city-dwelling people from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organizations, for regular nature walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park[22] and organize special trips every eight years when the rare Karvi flowers are in full bloom.[10]

Near Mumbai, the Karvi is also found in Karnala, the Yeoor hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of Goregaon including Film City.[7]

gollark: Are you saying that bad grammar is INHERITED now?
gollark: You are *vital* to the UNWAVERING PASTURELAND project.
gollark: Oh, there is, but I meant specifically Tux1.
gollark: Intriguing.
gollark: Yes, the internet is known to contain bad grammar.

References
  1. "Strobilanthes callosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved December 24, 2017.
  2. Flower that takes years to bloom; by Prachi Pinglay; At Mumbai; BBC News
  3. K.P.Sagreiya and Balwant Singh:Botanical and Standardised Hindi Names of Important and Common Forest Plants of Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior Government Regional Press, 1958. Also see: Flora of Madhya Pradesh
  4. Agarwal R., Rangari V. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots. Ind. J. Pharm. 2003;35:384–387. Pdf:
  5. THE KARNATAKA FOREST MANUAL; 1976; Government of Karnataka, India. Pdf:
  6. Singh, B.; Sahu, P.M.; Sharma, M.K. (2002, May 1). Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees. (Short Communication) The Free Library. (2002). Retrieved January 21, 2010
  7. City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom Archived 2008-08-17 at the Wayback Machine; by Nitya Kaushik; At Mumbai; Aug 12, 2008; The Indian Express Newspaper
  8. Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953. Available online at the Official website of the state of Andhra Pradesh Forest Department: . Accessed on 23 January 2010
  9. WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF ANKOLA HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV BY E. S. PEAESON, I. F. S., F. L. S., Deputy Conservator of Forests, WORKING PLANS, S. C. 1908- BOMBAY. PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS 1910. Available online at . Accessed 25 January 2010
  10. Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; At Mumbai; TNN, 22 September 2008; The Times of India
  11. The Karvy blooms; By Shantanu Chhaya; 24 July 2000; Bombay Edition: Bombay Times; Times of India Supplement. A copy of this original Newspaper article is posted online at "mumbai-central.com":
  12. Moylan, Elizabeth C.; Bennett, Jonathan R.; Carine, Mark A.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Scotland, Robert W. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): evidence from ITS nrDNA, trnL-F cpDNA, and morphology" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 91 (5): 724–735. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.724. PMID 21653427. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  13. Kurinji crown - The Palni Hills are once again witnessing the mass flowering of neelakurinji. Archived 2007-10-21 at the Wayback Machine; TEXT & PHOTOGRAPHS by IAN LOCKWOOD; Volume 23 - Issue 17 :: Aug. 26-Sep. 08, 2006; Frontline Magazine; INDIA'S NATIONAL MAGAZINE from the publishers of THE HINDU
  14. Daniel, Thomas F. 2006. Synchronous Flowering and Monocarpy Suggest Plietesial Life History forNeotropical Stenostephanus chiapensis(Acanthaceae). PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Fourth Series. Volume 57, No. 38, pp. 1011–1018, 1 fig. December 28, 2006
  15. Kelly, D (1994). "The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding" (PDF). Trends Ecol. Evol. 9 (12): 465–470. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90310-7. PMID 21236924.
  16. Janzen (1976) in Annul. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 7, 347-391
  17. Strobilanthes callosus; Botany Photo of the Day Archived 2010-09-26 at the Wayback Machine; Notes posted by Daniel Mosquin; January 13, 2009
  18. Kirtikar K.R., Book: The Poisonous Plants of Bombay. Scientific Publishers (India), 2003, vi, 300 p, ISBN 8172333447. 'The Poisonous Plants of Bombay' was published during 1892–1904 in a series of papers I-XX in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Intro of the Book posted at https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no32050.htm
  19. Tanaka, T; Ikeda, T; Kaku, M; Zhu, XH; Okawa, M; Yokomizo, K; Uyeda, M; Nohara, T (October 2004). "A new lignan glycoside and phenylethanoid glycosides from Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 52 (10): 1242–5. doi:10.1248/cpb.52.1242. PMID 15467245.
  20. "Nakanoshima Technos database".
  21. "A Systematic Study on Confused Species of Chinese Materia Medica". Planta Med 2006;72:865-74. November 2006, Vol. 35 No. 11
  22. Wet and Wild; by Nitya Kaushik; Jun 15, 2009; The Indian Express
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